Elevational biodiversity gradients in the Neotropics: Perspectives from freshwater caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera)

14. Lujan NK, Roach KA, Jacobsen D, Winemiller KO, Vargas VM, Ching VR, et al. Aquatic community structure across an Andes-to-Amazon fluvial gradient. Journal of Biogeography. 2013; 40: 1715–1728. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12131 15. Henriques-Oliveira AL, Nessimian JL. Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity and composition in streams along an altitudinal gradient in Southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica. 2010; 10: 115–128. 16. Holzenthal RW, Cressa C, Muñoz-Quesada F, Ra´ zuri-Gonzales E, Rı´os-Touma B. Trichoptera of the Tropical Andes: Current state of knowledge and research priorities (oral presentation). XIV International Symposium on Trichoptera. Vladivostok, Russia; 2012. 17. Chang F-H, Lawrence JE, Rios-Touma B, Resh VH. Tolerance values of benthic macroinvertebrates for stream biomonitoring: assessment of assumptions underlying scoring systems worldwide. Environ- mental monitoring and assessment. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3523-6 PMID: 24214297 18. Rı´os-Touma B, Holzenthal RW, Huisman J, Thomson R, Ra´zuri-Gonzales E. Diversity and distribution of the Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of Ecuador. PeerJ. 2017; 5: e2851. https://doi.org/10.7717/ peerj.2851 PMID: 28097062 19. Holzenthal RW, Thomson RE, Rı´os-Touma B. Order Trichoptera. In: Thorp JH, Rogers DC, editors. Ecology and General Biology, Vol I: Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates, 4th Edition. Aca- demic Press; 2015. pp. 965–1002. 20. Pinto E, Cuesta F. Monitoreo de biodiversidad, carbono, productividad y rasgos funcionales en bosques

montanos. Serie de protocolos de monitoreo. Quito, Ecuador: Proyecto EcoAndes, CONDESAN; 2019. 21. Gentry AH. Patterns of diversity and floristic composition. Neotropical Montane Forests, Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests, Neotropical Montane Forest Biodiversity and Con- servation Symposium. 1995. 22. Llerena-Zambrano M, Ordoñez JC, Llambı´ LD, van der Sande M, Pinto E, Salazar L, et al. Minimum temperature drives community leaf trait variation in secondary montane forests along a 3000-m eleva- tion gradient in the tropical Andes. Plant Ecology & Diversity. 2021. 23. Blahnik RJ, Holzenthal RWLB-B. Collection and curation of Trichoptera, with an emphasis on pinned material. Nectopsyche, Neotropical Trichoptera Newsletter. 2004; 1: 8–20 [http://hdl.handle.net/11299/ 190744]. 24. Blahnik RJ, Holzenthal Ralph W, Prather AL. The lactic acid method for clearing Trichoptera genitalia. In: Bueno-Soria J, Barba-A´ lvarez R, Armitage BJ, editors. Proceedings of the 12th International Sympo- sium on Trichoptera. Columbus, Ohio LB—BLAHNIK_2007_6285: The Caddis Press; 2007. pp. 9–14. 25. Karger DN, Conrad O, Bohner J, Kawohl T, Kreft H, Soria-Auza RW, et al. Climatologies at high resolu- tion for the earth’s land surface areas. Sci Data. 2017/09/06. 2017; 4: 170122. https://doi.org/10.1038/ sdata.2017.122 PMID: 28872642 26. Ortiz E, Peralvo M. Diagno´stico de la deforestacio´ n en la Mancomunidad del Choco´ Andino. Quito, Ecuador: Proyecto EcoAndes, CONDESAN; 2018.

27. Chao A, Jost L. Coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation: standardizing samples by completeness rather than size. Ecology. 2012; 93: 2533–2547. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1952.1 PMID: 23431585 28. Chao A, Colwell RK, Lin C-W, Gotelli NJ. Sufficient sampling for asymptotic minimum species richness estimators. Ecology. 2009; 90: 1125–1133. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2147.1 PMID: 19449706 29. Chao A, Kubota Y, Zeleny´ D, Chiu C-H, Li C-F, Kusumoto B, et al. Quantifying sample completeness and comparing diversities among assemblages. Ecological Research. 2020; 35: 292–314. https://doi. org/10.1111/1440-1703.12102 30. Chao A, Ma KH, Hsieh TC. User’s guide for iNEXT online: Software for interpolation and Extrapolation of species diversity. Institute of Statictics Recuperado de http://chaostatnthuedutw/wordpress/ software_download. 2016. 31. Clarke KR, Gorley RN. PRIMER: Getting started with v6. PRIMER-E Ltd; 2005. p. 10. 32. Clarke KR, Somerfield PJ, Gorley RN. Testing of null hypotheses in exploratory community analyses: similarity profiles and biota-environment linkage. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 2008; 366: 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2008.07.009 33. Clarke KR. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology. 1993; 18: 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x 34. Legendre P, Fortin M-J, Borcard D. Should the Mantel test be used in spatial analysis? Methods in Ecol- ogy and Evolution. 2015; 6: 1239–1247. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12425

35. Legendre P, Borcard D, Peres-Neto PR. ANALYZING BETA DIVERSITY: PARTITIONING THE SPA- TIAL VARIATION OF COMMUNITY COMPOSITION DATA. Ecological Monographs. 2005; 75: 435– 450. https://doi.org/10.1890/05-0549 PLOS ONE Elevational biodiversity gradients of Neotropical caddisflies PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272229 August 5, 2022 15 / 17