Elevational biodiversity gradients in the Neotropics: Perspectives from freshwater caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera)

Investigation: Blanca Rı´os-Touma, Francisco Cuesta, Ernesto Ra´zuri-Gonzales, Ralph Hol- zenthal, Marco Caldero´n-Loor. Methodology: Blanca Rı´os-Touma, Francisco Cuesta, Ernesto Ra´zuri-Gonzales, Ralph Hol- zenthal, Andrea Tapia. Project administration: Blanca Rı´os-Touma, Francisco Cuesta, Andrea Tapia. Resources: Blanca Rı´os-Touma, Francisco Cuesta. Software: Blanca Rı´os-Touma, Francisco Cuesta, Marco Caldero´n-Loor. Supervision: Blanca Rı´os-Touma, Francisco Cuesta. Validation: Blanca Rı´os-Touma, Francisco Cuesta, Andrea Tapia. Visualization: Blanca Rı´os-Touma, Francisco Cuesta, Ralph Holzenthal. Writing – original draft: Blanca Rı´os-Touma, Francisco Cuesta, Ralph Holzenthal. Writing – review & editing: Blanca Rı´os-Touma, Francisco Cuesta, Ernesto Ra´zuri-Gonzales, Ralph Holzenthal. References 1. Herzog SK, Kessler M, Bach K. The elevational gradient in Andean bird species richness at the local scale: A foothill peak and a high-elevation plateau. Ecography. 28: 209–222. 2. Kessler M. The elevational gradient of Andean plant endemism: Varying influences of taxon-specific traits and topography at different taxonomic levels. Journal of Biogeography. 29: 1159–1165. 3. Kessler M, Kluge J. Diversity and endemism in tropical montane forests—from patterns to processes. In: Gradstein SR, Homeier J, Gansert D, editors. The tropical mountain forest–Patterns and processes in a biodiversity hotspot. Universita¨ tsverlag Go¨ttingen; pp. 35–50. 4. Escobar F, Lobo JM, Halffter G. Altitudinal variation of dung beetle (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)

assemblages in the Colombian Andes. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 14: 327–337. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1466-822X.2005.00161.x 5. Salazar L, Homeier J, Kessler M, Abrahamczyk S, Lehnert M, Kro¨ mer T, et al. Diversity patterns of ferns along elevational gradients in Andean tropical forests. Plant Ecology & Diversity. 2015; 8: 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2013.843036 6. Lobo JM, Halffter G. Biogeographical and ecological factors affecting the altitudinal variation of moun- tainous communities of coprophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea): a comparative study. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 93: 115–126. 7. Palin OF, Eggleton P, Malhi Y, Girardin CAJ, Rozas-Da´ vila A, Parr CL. Termite diversity along an Ama- zon–Andes elevation gradient, Peru. Biotropica. 43: 100–107. 8. Patterson BD, Pacheco V, Solari S. Distributions of bats along an elevational gradient in the Andes of south-eastern Peru. Journal of Zoology. 240: 637–658. 9. Kattan GH, Franco P. Bird diversity along elevational gradients in the Andes of Colombia: area and mass effects. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 13: 451–458. 10. Kessler M. Patterns of diversity and range size of selected plant groups along an elevational transect in the Bolivian Andes. Biodiversity and Conservation. 10: 1897–1921. 11. Carvajal-Quintero JD, Escobar F, Alvarado F, Villa-Navarro FA, Jaramillo-Villa U, Maldonado-Ocampo JA. Variation in freshwater fish assemblages along a regional elevation gradient in the northern Andes,

Colombia. Ecology and Evolution. 2015; 5: 2608–2620. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1539 PMID: 26257874 12. Fjeldså J, Lambin E, Mertens B. Correlation between endemism and local ecoclimatic stability docu- mented by comparing Andean bird distributions and remotely sensed land surface data. Ecography. 1999; 22: 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00455.x 13. Polato NR, Gray MM, Gill BA, Becker CG, Casner KL, Flecker AS, et al. Genetic diversity and gene flow decline with elevation in montane mayflies. Heredity (Edinb). 2017/05/11. 2017; 119: 107–116. https:// doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2017.23 PMID: 28489073 PLOS ONE Elevational biodiversity gradients of Neotropical caddisflies PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272229 August 5, 2022 14 / 17