Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen household due to climate change in Lampung Province, Indonesia

vulnerable to fluctuations in their income sources. The calculation results show that traditional capture fisher households in Bandar Lampung City and South Lampung Regency experience income vulnerability with a positive LVI-IPCC value, while Tanggamus Regency does not experience vulnerability with a negative vulnerability index. The difference in income vulnera- bility is due to the difference of average boat ownership and boat capacity. An important impli- cation of this finding is the importance of fishing gear assistance by the government for fishermen should pay attention to the scale of boat ownership and the type of boat with higher capacity. Adaptation mechanisms carried out by fishermen in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung Regency, and Tanggamus Regency as a response to climate variability, including by fishing on PLOS ONE Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 15 / 20

the coast, expanding fish catch areas, doing side jobs and utilizing family members’ income, utilizing savings, making loans of collectors (langan), and utilizing assistance from the government. Adaptation strategies to climate variability are very important because they affect the level and stability of fishermen’s income. In addition, the income diversification that fishermen have done is a good step to increase and maintain the stability of their household income. The government, in addition to providing boat and fishing gear assistance, needs to encourage fish farming activities on the coast, develop off-fishing and non-fishing activities in coastal villages, and build fisheries infrastructure in coastal areas that support business activities both on fish- ing, off fishing and non-fishing. Direct assistance in the form of cash transfers as well as boat and fishing gear assistance according to the needs of fishermen is urgent because they really need it to survive and revive activities as capture fishermen, fish and other commodity cultivation, and non-capture fishery activities. However, some programs that are considered strategic are increasing the capacity of fishermen’s human resources both in terms of technical skills and managerial capabilities, strengthening fishermen’s institutions at the locality level in mitigating and adapting to climate variability, and empowerment of fishing communities and their families in the development of productive economic enterprises to increase alternative sources of income. Acknowledgments

High appreciation is expressed to the Study Program of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. And thank you also to the Postdoctoral Program of the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) which has accepted me to join the program. Thanks are also expressed to the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Services in Bandar Lampung City, South Lampung Regency, and Tanggamus Regency for their assistance with data and informa- tion. Thanks are expressed to the fishermen and fishing groups at the research location who provided data and information voluntarily and openly. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Maya Riantini, Saptana, Bedy Sudjarmoko, Eka Kasymir, Lestari Gita Nur’aini, Salsa Hentia Anindita, Mat Syukur, Armen Zulham, Budi Wardono, I. Ketut Ardana, Chandra Indrawanto, Agus Wahyudi. Data curation: Maya Riantini, Maesti Mardiharini, Saptana, Bedy Sudjarmoko, Eka Kasymir, Lestari Gita Nur’aini, Salsa Hentia Anindita, Mat Syukur, Budi Wardono, I. Ketut Ardana. Formal analysis: Maya Riantini, Maesti Mardiharini, Saptana, Bedy Sudjarmoko, Eka Kasy- mir, Lestari Gita Nur’aini, Salsa Hentia Anindita, Mat Syukur, Armen Zulham, I. Ketut Ardana, Chandra Indrawanto, Agus Wahyudi. Investigation: Maya Riantini, Maesti Mardiharini, Saptana, Eka Kasymir. Methodology: Maya Riantini, Maesti Mardiharini, Saptana, Bedy Sudjarmoko, Lestari Gita Nur’aini, Mat Syukur, Armen Zulham, Budi Wardono, I. Ketut Ardana, Chandra Indra- wanto, Agus Wahyudi. Resources: Saptana, Lestari Gita Nur’aini, Salsa Hentia Anindita.

Supervision: Maya Riantini, Maesti Mardiharini, Armen Zulham, Budi Wardono. Validation: Maya Riantini, Saptana, Mat Syukur, I. Ketut Ardana, Chandra Indrawanto, Agus Wahyudi. PLOS ONE Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 16 / 20

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