Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen household due to climate change in Lampung Province, Indonesia

fishermen households comes from the non-fisheries sector, namely the tourism business. Overview of the income structure of fishermen’s households in Lampung Province is shown in Table 2. Empirically in the field, aquaculture activities were only found in a small number of fisher household respondents, for example in the research location of Bandar Lampung City, fisher households were found to cultivate grouper fish and in Tanggamus District, seaweed cultiva- tion was found. The prospect of aquaculture can be an alternative source of income for fisher households, especially those affected by climate change. Income vulnerability of fisher households in Lampung Province Vulnerability is the degree or level of susceptibility or inability to cope with the adverse impacts of a disaster event [43]. In the context of climate variability, [44] define vulnerability as the state of a livelihood system that cannot cope with the various impacts of climate variabil- ity, such as the level of sensitivity and lack of adaptive capacity to adjust. According to the [45], the level of income vulnerability of fishing households is measured through three components, namely exposure, adaptive capacity, and sensitivity. Exposure. Coastal social-ecological systems are vulnerable to climate change, with impacts spreading unevenly among human communities [46]. Adger (2006) in [47] says exposure is the magnitude and duration associated with climate problems. Fisher households are exposed to stress due to climate issues that affect their livelihoods. In fisheries-based livelihoods, exposure

means the extent to which the livelihood system is exposed to the significant impacts of climate variability [33] in [34]. Fishing households’ dispersion index is shown in Fig 1. Table 2. Presentation of income structure (earnings) of fisher households in Lampung Province (%). Types of Income Bandar Lampung South Lampung Tanggamus Average Capture fisheries income (on fisheries) 81,19 79,26 86,22 82,22 Income from fishing hired labourers (off fisheries) 5,32 4,94 1,94 4,07 Income excluded the fisheries sector (non fisheries) 13,49 15,8 11,84 13,71 Total 100 100 100 100 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051.t002 Fig 2. Adaptive capacity index of fishing households. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051.g002 PLOS ONE Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 9 / 20