Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen household due to climate change in Lampung Province, Indonesia

mechanisms by fishing households by identifying certain patterns through a series of data and information that has been collected [38]. The application of qualitative analysis techniques is intended as an analysis from the researcher’s perspective to examine the extent to which the phenomenon of adaptation mechanisms of fishing households occurs by revealing qualitative data in detail to find the relationship between one pattern and another [39]. Results Symptoms of climate change in Lampung Symptoms of climate change occurring in Lampung are based on three indicators [27], namely: (1) changes in air temperature, (2) changes in rainfall; and (3) the history of events related to climate change. It was stated that at the last 23 years (1998–2020) there was a decrease in minimum temperature of 0.313oC/year and a decrease in maximum temperature of 5.152oC/year. It was further stated that there had been changes in rainfall outside the usual average rainfall in both the rainy season and the dry season, respectively with a decrease in rainfall in the rainy season of 0.804 mm/year and an increase in rainfall in the dry season of 0.419 mm/year. These two events had an influence on the sea level rise, which at certain times caused tidal flood disasters in areas directly adjacent to the coastline. Apart from that, changes in air temperature also affect wind speed. Referring to Lampung Province BPS data [2], it is known that the average wind speed in Lampung Province over the past five years has fluctu-

ated. Wind speed is one of the natural factors that affect water conditions in the Indonesian region. The speed of the wind that blows indirectly determines the size of the sea waves. Wind speed also affects the pattern and distribution of rainfall. Rainfall in Lampung Province from November is also in the Medium-High criteria (151–400 mm/month) with normal (N) to above normal (AN) rainfall properties [2] The structure of fishermen’s household income in Lampung Province The income structure of fisher households in Lampung Province is methodologically analyzed based on sources of income from capture fisheries and excluded capture fisheries. The income of fisher households is a comprehensive aggregation of the earnings generated by each constit- uent member of the family living within the fisher household over a specified temporal period. Adopting the results of research [36], the sources of income of fisher households are divided into three categories: income from fishing businesses (on fisheries), income in the agricultural sector excluded from capture fisheries (off fisheries), and income excluded from capture fish- eries (non-fisheries). such as crop farming, industrial businesses, non-fishing service trade The source of income of fisher households in one year (on fisheries), with an average per- centage of fisheries income of 82.22% in the three districts. In contrast, the remaining fisheries income of 4.07% comes from activities as fishing laborers, and non-fisheries income of 13.71%

is obtained from activities excluding the fisheries sector, such as construction workers, security guards, village health workers of Integrated Healthcare Center (Posyandu), employees, house- hold assistants, tailors, the teacher of the Koran (Islamic teacher), and traders (stalls). The Tanggamus district has the largest percentage, followed by Bandar Lampung, and South Lam- pung. The fisheries income of fisher households comes from the sale of the entire fish catch. It shows that fishing is still the main job in meeting the needs of daily life. The results are under research [40], which concluded that income from fishing has the highest contribution to torch fishermen households in Bandar Lampung City. The results are also similar to those of [41]. The capture fisheries business is still the mainstay business sector undertaken by coastal fishing communities in Kota Agung, South Sumatra Province, in meeting household living needs. It differs slightly from the results of research [42], where the largest source of income for tourist PLOS ONE Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 8 / 20