Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen household due to climate change in Lampung Province, Indonesia

Then, determine the index value of the LVI contribution factor by using the formula: CFd ¼ Pn i¼1 Wmi:Mdi Pn i¼1 Wmi ð5Þ Description: CFd = LVI contribution factor index Wmi = Sub-component weights of main indicators Mdi = Main component values Finally, the formula used in calculating the level of vulnerability of fishing households is the LVI calculation formula used based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), namely: LVIðIPCCÞ ¼ ðed adÞx sd ð6Þ Description: LVI = Livelihood Vulnerability index ed = Fishermen exposure index ad = Adaptive capacity index of fishermen sd = Fishermen sensitivity index Therefore, the researchers use the qualitative descriptive analysis method to analyze the adaptation mechanism. Researchers used qualitative descriptive analysis to understand how Indonesian fisher households in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung District, and Tanggamus District, Lampung, Indonesia, adapted to environmental changes. The researchers looked at different factors, like their resources and how they used them to survive. Data analysis related to the adaptation mechanism of fishing households to climate change in the form of extreme weather or seasonal changes uses qualitative data analysis procedures [37] to find adaptation Table 1. Main components, sub-components, and components measuring vulnerability of fisher households in Lampung Province. Main Component Sub-component Measured Component Exposure Economic and ecological impacts • Percentage of households (RT) experiencing < catches

• Percentage increase in rainfall and wind speed in the last 5 years • Percentage of households experiencing an increase in severe weather phenomena in the last 1 year • Percentage of households experiencing problems in fishing activities Adaptive Capacity Natural capital • Percentage of households with longer duration at sea Human capital • Percentage of household heads who completed primary school • Percentage of household members who attend school • Percentage of RT heads whose main livelihood is fishing • Percentage of neighbourhood heads who have a second job • Percentage of households over 50 years old • Percentage of working families Physical capital • Percentage of household that have facilities to support fishing operations (GPS/compass) • Percentage of households owning other fishing gear Financial capital • Percentage of households with savings • Percentage of households receiving remittances from relatives/children • Percentage of households with other sources of income, Social capital • Percentage of fishing households that lend money to other fishers • Percentage of fisher households receiving assistance from the government in the past year • Percentage of households borrowing from lenders/renters/cooperatives • Percentage of households whose selling price is determined by a third party Sensitivity Food • Percentage of households whose food depends on catch Ship ownership • Percentage of households that use part of their catch for the daily consumption source: [33] https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051.t001 PLOS ONE

Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 7 / 20