Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen household due to climate change in Lampung Province, Indonesia

vulnerability is a situation where individuals or households face pressures and shocks to their sources of livelihood or income that threaten their success and sustainability. The Intergovern- mental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) characterizes vulnerability as a function of three capacity components: adaptive capacity, sensitivity, and level of exposure. The current climate variability also affects the decline in fish catches, potentially causing vulnerability to the livelihood or income of fishing households living around the three districts. The livelihoods of people in coastal areas are dynamic and highly dependent on nature, so they are vulnerable to climate change [25], dan [26], therefore, it is necessary to know how income vulnerability to climate change and how to adapt to it. Based on the description of the problems above, this study aims to analyze the income structure of fisher households, analyze income vulnerability, and analyze the adaptation mechanism carried out by fisher households in an effort to deal with the impact of climate variability. The results of this study are expected to provide an academic contribution on how fishermen adapt the strate- gies to extreme weather conditions due to climate variability to maintain the level and sta- bility of fishermen’s income. Traditional fishermen typically face significant limitations in capacity, financial resources, and flexibility, making fishing activities a source of socioeconomic risks characterized by potential income loss and uncertain outcomes. Nonetheless, these risks remain inadequately

understood, especially from the vantage point of fisher. In this study, we addressed the risks and institutional challenges through three primary objectives. Firstly, we aim to comprehen- sively assess potential vulnerability associated with fishing activities on traditional fishing. This involves mapping out these risks and developing effective adaptation strategies with the spe- cific focus on the role of fishermen’s perception and their influence on successful sustainability of income source. Secondly, we seek to identify and analyze critical parameters within the adaptation mechanism, utilizing these parameters to scrutinize elements that might contribute to fisher failures during climate change adaptation. Finally, we delve into the key factors influ- encing the performance and effectiveness of government facilitation, including funding mech- anisms, infrastructure, and institutional policies. Through these research objectives, we aspire to provide valuable insights and evidence-based recommendations with the potential to impact the Indonesian climate change adaptation. This impact will be particularly evident in the enhancement of fishing productivity and the effectiveness of institutional policy in supporting traditional fishing. Materials and methods The object of this research is households whose main source of income is traditional capture fishermen. The object of this research is households whose livelihood is fishing in areas affected by the climate change in Lampung Province. Indicators of climate change refer to [27]

Economic losses due to extreme climate events can be evaluated from their impact on main job, and prices of some commodities. Disasters reduce work productivity, especially if the main jobs of society are vulnerable to disasters [28]. The object of this research is households whose main source of income is traditional cap- ture fishermen. The population in this study is coastal village fisher households in Bandar Lampung City, South Lampung Regency, and Tanggamus Regency, the complete research location can be seen in Fig 1. This study used a multistage sampling procedure, adopting research by [29]. First, the location was selected purposively with the consideration that the majority of the population is fishermen and has a Fish Auction Place (TPI) so that Bandar Lampung City, South Lampung Regency and Tanggamus Regency, Lampung Province, Indo- nesia were selected. PLOS ONE Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 4 / 20