Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen household due to climate change in Lampung Province, Indonesia

results of research [70], which obtained the same results, namely that households that diversify their income in rural areas have better resilience to climate change. In terms of social capital, the strategy taken is to utilize loans from third parties and assis- tance provided by the government. The decline in catches, especially during the lean season, also causes limited capital to carry out fishing operations. This has led some respondent fisher- men to borrow from the collector traders with the local term "langan." This is in line with research [47] where small-scale fishermen in Dendun Village, Bintan Regency, borrowed money from collectors to increase the shortage of boat purchase costs and purchase other fish- ing gear to reduce the decline in income due to climate variability. The loans provided are used to meet the operational costs of going to sea. Fishermen who borrow money from collect- ing traders (langan) usually have to sell their catches only to the collecting traders. In this case, the collector traders (Langan) also determine the selling price of the fishermen’s catch, usually the selling price to the langan is slightly lower than the selling price in the market. Borrowing is also done based on business experience; usually, the longer the business experience, the more access to loans, this is in line with [71] and [72] that business experience and access to loans have a positive significant relationship. The assistance received by fishermen is in the form of cash and net fishing equipment. Other adaptation strategies, namely reducing risks

associated with fishing activities, strengthening social cohesion, increasing fishermen’s knowl- edge about climate change, increasing technical skills and management capabilities of alterna- tive economic businesses, increasing fishermen’s participation in climate change adaptation planning, and increasing fishermen’s access to resources. credit [7]. Conclusion The main income of traditional fishermen’s households in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung Regency and Tanggamus Regency comes from sources related to the fishing industry. This shows how dependent the source of income of fishermen’s households is on fish catches. The climate variability that occurs creates vulnerability in the livelihoods of fishing households. The level of vulnerability is determined by the adaptability, sensitivity and exposure of each type of fisherman, requiring appropriate policies to support the sustainability of their livelihoods. The income structure of traditional capture fisher households in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung Regency, and Tanggamus Regency is still dominated by income sources derived from fishing business activities. Tanggamus Regency contributes the largest source of income from capture fisheries, while South Lampung Regency contributes the smallest income. This shows that capture fisheries business activities are very important as a source of livelihood for fishing communities in Lampung Province so that their existence and sustainability need to be maintained. Climate variability has disrupted the livelihood system of fisher households, making them

vulnerable to fluctuations in their income sources. The calculation results show that traditional capture fisher households in Bandar Lampung City and South Lampung Regency experience income vulnerability with a positive LVI-IPCC value, while Tanggamus Regency does not experience vulnerability with a negative vulnerability index. The difference in income vulnera- bility is due to the difference of average boat ownership and boat capacity. An important impli- cation of this finding is the importance of fishing gear assistance by the government for fishermen should pay attention to the scale of boat ownership and the type of boat with higher capacity. Adaptation mechanisms carried out by fishermen in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung Regency, and Tanggamus Regency as a response to climate variability, including by fishing on PLOS ONE Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 15 / 20