Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen household due to climate change in Lampung Province, Indonesia

understanding social vulnerability and community strategies to adapt to environmental change is critical to developing actions to improve conservation and community survival [19]. Table 2 describes the efforts made by traditional capture fisher households in Bandar Lam- pung, South Lampung District, and Tanggamus District by utilizing their income capital to deal with perceived ecological and economic impacts because of climate variability. Adaptation mechanisms of fisher f households in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung District, and Tangga- mus District is shown in Table 3. The adaptation mechanism carried out by fisher households in dealing with ecological impacts is fishing on the coast. During the lean season, when conditions do not allow fishing, some fishermen in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung Regency, and Tanggamus Regency chose to fish or look for fish on the coast. This is done because most respondent fisher house- holds depend on the catch for food. Another strategy is to expand the fishing grounds. Although during the west season the water conditions are bad, some fishermen still carry out fishing activities to the other areas. Most of them will look for new areas that allow them to go to sea and conduct fishing activities. When off fishing, fishermen experience problems in fish- ing activities as a result of which socio-economic problems arise in their households, in dealing with these problems, households need to develop adequate adaptation strategies called coping strategies [67, 68]. Family coping strategies are behavioral and mental responses to stress by

using existing resources in individuals or the surrounding environment [69]. Hence, imple- menting this coping strategy aims to reduce and manage the emergence of conflicts, internal and external, to improve the lives of fishermen. The climate variability that occurs impacts the decline in fish catches, which has implica- tions for the decline in the income of fishing households. It has prompted family members of fishers’ households to seek additional employment opportunities to supplement their family income. In addition, some fishermen work on the side as cooperative employees and Quranic teachers. Based on the research results, it is known that fishermen’s wives and children also work as laborers, employees, Quran teachers, household assistants, tailors, Integrated Health- care Center (Posyandu) cadres, and traders to help increase family income. Other efforts made are by utilizing financial capital and social capital owned to adapt to climate variability. Finan- cial capital is utilizing savings or deposits owned by fisher households. The interview results indicate that specific fishing households actively save by earmarking the proceeds from fish sales, a practice particularly pronounced during the eastern or peak season when they accrue substantial income. The savings can be used as a backup to fulfill basic needs when not at sea. In relation to the coping strategies described earlier, fishermen in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung Regency, and Tanggamus Regency have implemented coping strategies as a

response to the problems they face. In line with [67], Resource utilization as a coping strategy for fishing households is carried out by diversifying sources of income through fishing labor activities, aquaculture, and trade and service businesses. This statement is reinforced by the Table 3. Adaptation mechanism of fisher households in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung District, and Tangga- mus District. Threats Income Capital Adaptation Strategy Ecological Impacts Physical Capital Natural Capital • Fishing or coastal fishing • Expanding the catchment area Economic Impacts Human Capital Financial Capital Social Capital • Doing side jobs • Utilize the income of other working family members • Utilize the savings you have • Make loans with third parties • Receive assistance from the government https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051.t003 PLOS ONE Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 14 / 20