Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen household due to climate change in Lampung Province, Indonesia

Lampung, South Lampung Regency, and Tanggamus Regency. The calculations reveal that the vulnerability index for fishing households is 0.39 in Bandar Lampung, 0.36 in South Lampung Regency, and -0.029 in Tanggamus Regency. These findings indicate that both Bandar Lam- pung and South Lampung Regency exhibit income vulnerability levels nearing a positive threshold (+1). Tanggamus Regency fishermen do not experience vulnerability with the calcu- lation of the LVI-IPCC value of negative -0.029. The results of this study are similar to research [49], where traditional fishermen are more vulnerable than modern fishermen in Tanggamus Regency. In line with research [47], small fishing households in Dendun Village, Riau Islands, experienced a high vulnerability of 0.29 due to increased extreme weather. The results of research by [60] stated that the coastal fish farming community in Indramayu experienced vul- nerability with a high enough value with a vulnerability index of 1.76. It can occur due to tides, land subsidence, and sea level rise. This high vulnerability is caused by increased exposure to shoreline erosion, high-risk perception, limited income, a weak housing structure, and a lack of financial capital [61]. Tanggamus Regency does not experience vulnerability because it can utilize its adaptation strategy by not depending on income sources from fishing activities alone, fishermen in Tanggamus Regency utilize income from outside fishing, namely crop farming, industry, trade and services. This is in line with the results of research by [62] shows

that the results of the LVI-IPCC calculation are negative, namely (-0.040), this means that households do not experience vulnerability because farmer households in Kalianyar and Krangkeng Villages, Indramayu Regency, West Java Province can carry out strategies and uti- lize good adaptation capabilities in dealing with drought phenomena due to climate variability. The vulnerability experienced by fisher households in Bandar Lampung and South Lam- pung Regency is due to the fact that almost all fisher households still depend on income sources derived from fishing activities to fulfill their daily needs. Climate variability that occurs, such as erratic rainfall and high waves accompanied by strong winds, results in changes in seasonal patterns, and erratic weather conditions can prevent fishermen from carrying out fishing activities. Traditional capture fishermen in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung Regency, and Tanggamus Regency are classified as small fishermen whose technical skills and managerial capabilities still need to be improved, making it difficult to adjust to climate vari- ability. Climate variability impacts the vulnerability of fisher households because fisher house- holds depend highly on capture fisheries products [63]. It means that an increase in climate variability leads to an increased risk of failure for fishers in fishing activities at sea. If there is a failure in fishing, it impacts the decline in the income of fisher households. It can threaten the success and sustainability of fishermen’s livelihoods. It means that fishermen become vulnera-

ble to changes in climate variability. Research results [64] emphasize that the specificity of a location or region is very important to understand to be assessed appropriately so that vulnera- bility mitigation can be carried out effectively to improve the welfare of fishermen’s livelihoods in the future. Thus, to ensure the sustainability of fishermen’s livelihoods, it is necessary to know about the condition of the local ecosystem and the surrounding environment. Adaptation mechanisms of fishermen households The adaptation mechanism of individuals or households is built to adjust to their ever-chang- ing surroundings with one goal of survival [65]. Small farmers, who face challenges such as low income and susceptibility to disasters like floods, should actively engage in climate change adaptation, as supported by research findings indicating the rationality of income diversifica- tion for their survival. In addition, research results [66] state that adaptations made by farmers and fishermen can significantly increase the happiness and life satisfaction of fishermen. Thus, PLOS ONE Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 13 / 20