Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen household due to climate change in Lampung Province, Indonesia

Tenggamus can do temporary work outside of fisheries activities, because they have a work or kinship network (social capital) outside Tenggamus. This is because they know each other, trust each other, thus forming social connections. This social connection makes small-scale fishing households in Tanggamus have better financial capital adaptation compared to small- scale fishermen in South Lampung and Bandar Lampung. Research results by [34]. A lack of adaptive capacity in terms of diverse physical, natural and financial capital shapes livelihood vulnerability. Furthermore, [55] stated that fishing groups with higher social adaptive capacity are considered less vulnerable as a whole. Sensitivity. According to [56] states that sensitivity analysis can determine the behavior of the model in response to changes in a variable. Sensitivity is defined as the extent to which the system responds to impacts that occur because of climate variability, including adverse and beneficial impacts [57, 58] state that the lower the sensitivity of the system, the better it can withstand the effects of climate change without adaptation efforts. The sensitivity index of fish- ing households to climate variability is shown in Fig 3. The results of the study [46] revealed that the size of the ship is one factor that impacts the vulnerability of fishermen to climate variability, adopting from the study the ownership and type of ship included in the sensitivity calculation. Fig 3 shows the results of the calculation of

the sensitivity level measured from fulfillment food needs, which is 0.60, while boat ownership and boat type are 0.81. Overall, the sensitivity index obtained is quite high at 0.71. Tanggamus Regency is the Regency with the lowest sensitivity of the other regencies, which is 0.49. This suggests that Tanggamus is less sensitive to changes in climate variability than the other two districts. The results of the study show that most traditional fisher households in the three dis- tricts utilize part of their catches for consumption and utilize the sale of catches to meet basic daily needs. (start here last night) It is suspected that the level of commercialization of fishing households affects the sensitivity in responding to the impacts of climate variability, but this requires further research. Boat ownership affects fisher households’ sensitivity due to climate change pressures. All respondent fishermen use privately owned boats, which are small and not overnight. Fishermen who use small boats are more sensitive to the phenomenon of cli- mate variability. The results of this study are in line with research [59], where the sensitivity index of fishermen is high at 0.47 because some fishermen depend on meeting their needs from fish catches. The vulnerability index of fisher households to climate variability in the research location is shown in Fig 4. Studying the livelihood vulnerability of different types of fishers is an important basis for helping fishers rebuild sustainable livelihoods [20]. Based on the results of calculations of the

Livelihood Vulnerability Index–Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (LVI-IPCC), namely with the formula (exposure—adaptive capacity) x sensitivity. Researchers have com- puted the vulnerability indices for fishing households in three distinct regions: Bandar Fig 4. Vulnerability index of fisher households in Bandar Lampung, South Lampung District, and Tanggamus District. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051.g004 PLOS ONE Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 12 / 20