Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen household due to climate change in Lampung Province, Indonesia

Fig 2 shows the calculation of the exposure index of traditional capture fisher households in Bandar Lampung City, South Lampung Regency, and Tanggamus Regency. Exposure is mea- sured through the sub-components of decreased fish catch, increased rainfall and wind speed over the past five years, increased bad weather over the past year, and constraints on fishing due to bad weather. Almost all fisher households experienced a decrease in catches in the past year due to an increase in bad weather in sea waters due to increased rainfall, wind, speed, and high waves in Lampung Sea waters. It is supported by the results of research [48] that the amount of fish production caught by fishermen has decreased because of the impact of the tsu- nami in southern Lampung Regency. This condition is an obstacle for fishermen in carrying out fishing business activities at sea. Fishermen in this study are classified as traditional fishermen who still use small boats (1 GT— 5 GT) and very simple technology so that it is still difficult to adapt in the face of extreme weather. The calculation results show that the level of exposure in terms of ecology and econ- omy of fishing households in three research locations is on average high at 0.74. With an aver- age exposure index of several indicators, Bandar Lampung City is the highest at 0.89, followed by South Lampung Regency at 0.87, and finally Tanggamus Regency which has the lowest exposure index at 0.47. This shows that Tanggamus Regency is a regency that is relatively able

to survive the exposure of ecological and economic aspects, this condition is supported by the results of the study [49] which states that fishermen in Tanggamus Regency are more modern, especially in the use of boats and fishing gear. The high level of exposure indicates that climate variability causes shocks to the main source of income of traditional capture fisher households in Bandar Lampung, South Lam- pung, and Tanggamus. The results of this study are also in accordance with research [50] where the exposure index values of both groups of fishing households are quite high, namely Tangsi fishermen 0.53 and wave fishermen 0.64. Therefore, to reduce the impact of exposure on traditional fishermen, modernization of fishing gear, improvement of technical skills at sea, and managerial capabilities of capture fisheries businesses are needed Adaptive capacity. Households respond to shocks or stresses from climate variability with various adaptation strategies. Responses to stress can be divided into three categories, namely, adapt, react, and coping strategies [51]. Adaptation capacity is the ability of a system or individual to adjust and use opportunities to overcome or reduce potential damage because of the pressure of climate variability [52]. Adaptation needs to be done to deal with changes that occur, one of which is climate change, such as thorough diversification of income sources, diversification of fishing gear, migration to cities, and development of social networks among fishermen [53]. One of the social and economic network developments that are considered

quite strategic is through a network of business partnerships that are mutually needy, benefi- cial, and strengthening. Adaptive capacity index of fishing households is shown in Fig 2. Fig 3 shows the results of the calculation of the adaptive capacity index of fisher households in the research location. The 5 indicators of fishermen’s adaptive capacity, the human capital indicator is an adaptation strategy of small-scale fishermen responding to extreme weather that occurs in Lampung waters. This adaptation strategy is carried out because the social sys- tem in the community is still strong, as well as the kinship system in the family. The form of the small-scale fishermen’ community is to provide mutual assistance when there are relatives who are in trouble. Meanwhile, the form of the family is to make maximum use of the labor potential of household members to support family finances. The existence of working family members helps to maintain survival in the face of declining income due to climate variability. The results of this study are different from those of [54], where ecotourism fishing households in Nagari Mandeh, in South Pesisir Regency, West Sumatra Province are more ideal in PLOS ONE Livelihood vulnerability household fishermen due to climate change in lampung province PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315051 December 31, 2024 10 / 20