Abalones at risk: A global Red List assessment of Haliotis in a changing climate

Tasman Sea east of Port Macquarie, NSW. The island is small, just 10 km in length. Because of this species’ rarity, highly restricted range and exposure to MHWs, it has been assessed as CR. In New Zealand, there are three abalone species, known as pãua, two of which are exploited, and although the smaller H. australis (LC) was once fished on a commercial basis, the fishery is now closed and it is only taken by recreational fishers for which there are enforced daily bag limits and size restrictions. H. iris (LC), known as blackfoot pãua, is the only active commercial abalone fishery in New Zealand in which it is fished for food, used in jewellery and raised in hatcheries for pearls. It is also subject to strict fishery controls, where the total allowable com- mercial catch (TACC) is based on population trend models largely influenced by catch per unit effort (CPUE), with all recent data suggesting that the stock has been improving since the mid-2000s [89]. Since 2010, the use of dive loggers has been steadily increasing, enabling fine- scale monitoring which should allow complex metrics such as spatial CPUE. All other species in this sector are LC. Eastern Pacific. This sector includes all abalone species occurring along the western sea- board of the USA, Canada and Mexico together with the only two species found at islands off Central and South America. There are nine species (Table 7). Of the two Eastern Pacific species that occur outside North America, H. dalli (DD) is a small, rare, deep-water species from the Gala´pagos Islands and also Gorgona Island off the

Pacific coast of Colombia, with a separate subspecies occurring off Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Fig 7. H rubiginosa (CR). Occurs in Lord Howe Island, NSW. The only critically endangered unexploited species. Reprinted under a CC BY license with permission from Buzz Owen, original copyright. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309384.g007 Table 7. Abalone species of Eastern Pacific. Species Size C Distribution Cat mm Eastern Pacific H. corrugata 245 C Pt Conception, California to Baja California Sur, Mexico incl Guadalupe Is. CR H. cracherodii 216 C Point Arena, California to Bahia Tortugas, Baja California Sur and Guadalupe Is CR H. fulgens 255 C Point Conception, California to central Baja California Sur and Guadalupe Is. CR H. kamtschatkana 187 C Sitka, Alaska south to central Baja California EN H. rufescens 313 C Central Oregon to central Baja California, Mexico CR H. sorenseni 226 C Point Conception, California to Central Baja California, Mexico and Guadalupe CR H. walallensis 179 C Oregon to central Baja California, Mexico and San Benito Is. CR H. dalli 47 Galapagos Is., Gorgona Is. (Colombia), Cocos Island (Costa Rica) DD H. drogini 65 Cocos Island, Costa Rica VU ‘C’ denotes commercially fished. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309384.t007 PLOS ONE Abalones at risk: A global Red List assessment of Haliotis PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309384 December 23, 2024 16 / 25