Use of instructional videos in leadership education in higher education under COVID-19: A qualitative study

Table 2. Semi-structured interview guide. 1. The arrangement of watching these videos 1.1 Have you encountered any difficulties in watching these video clips? If yes, what are they? How do you overcome these difficulties? Can you provide some examples? 1.2 How much time did you spend in watching the video clips on average every week? Usually, how many times did you watch the video clips? 1.2.1 Do you watch them before or after the on-site class? If you like some videos, did you watch them again after attending the lecture? 1.2.2 Did your teacher play the video again in the face-to-face/online class? If yes, any benefits for your learning? Do you enjoy watching these videos again? 1.3 How do you perceive this arrangement (i.e., you are expected to watch the videos before attending the lecture)? What are the benefits and shortcomings of watching these video clips before lectures? Does watching the videos increase your study load? Do you enjoy watching these videos? Any suggestions on this arrangement? 1.4 Can watching the videos reinforce your participation in the face-to-face/online real-time class and facilitate your understanding of teachers’ instruction? 2. General learning experiences 2.1 These video clips aim to provide some background information to facilitate your understanding of related theories. Do you think the video clips can facilitate your understanding of the theories? 2.1.1 If yes, how do the video clips help you understand the theories and support you to become more engaged in the class?

2.1.2 If not, why not? How to improve (e.g., the quality of the videos, the use of the videos)? Any suggestions? 2.2 In general, what do you think about the quality of the video clips (e.g., content, audio, subtitles, number of video clips, duration of the video clips, digital effects)? 2.3 For each lecture (i.e., Lecture 2 to 11), we prepare one or more than one theory-related videos and case scenario videos. Do you think the theory-related videos and the scenario videos are closely related? 2.3.1 If yes, any impressive examples/cases among the 10 lectures? 2.3.2 If not, how to strengthen the links between the two kinds of videos? Or which kind of videos can be removed? 3. Theory-related videos 3.1 Do you think the content of the theory-related videos is clear enough for self-learning? Is it difficult for your self- learning? 3.2 Do you think the theory-related videos are closely related to the relevant lecture? Can the theory-related videos help you better understand the theories? Any impressive examples/cases among the 10 lectures? 3.3 What aspects/components of the theory-related videos can benefit your learning (e.g., model explanations)? 3.4 Are these theory-related videos helpful to your learning? Can you recall the two most impressive videos among the 15 theory-related videos? Why do you like these two videos most? What are the strengths of these two videos? 3.5 Please share one or two theory-related videos that need to be revised/improved. Why are they not helpful for you? How could we improve them? 4. Scenario videos

4.1 Do you think the content of the scenario videos is clear enough for self-learning? 4.2 Do you think that the scenario videos are closely related to the relevant lecture? Can the scenario videos help you better apply the theory to your daily life? Any impressive examples/cases among the 10 lectures? 4.3 What aspects/components in the scenario videos can benefit your learning (e.g., apply the theory in practice, very related to my life, very practical)? 4.4 Are these scenario videos helpful to your learning? Can you recall the two most impressive videos among the 9 scenario videos? Why do you like these two videos most? What are the strengths of these two videos? 4.5 Please share one or two scenario videos that need to be revised/improved. Why are they not helpful for you? How could we improve them? 5. Conclusion 5.1 Overall speaking, are you satisfied with the video clips used in this course? If the full mark is 10, ranging from 1 to 10, how much will you give? 5.2 To benefit your learning and strengthen your understanding of specific topics, do you have any suggestions to improve the video clips? 5.3 What else would you like to share? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291861.t002 PLOS ONE Qualitative evaluation of virtual teaching and learning videos in leadership education PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291861 September 21, 2023 7 / 28