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Climate and water-table levels regulate peat accumulation rates across Europe

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PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327422 July 23, 2025 13 / 16 Formal analysis: Graeme Swindles, Donal J. Mullan, Neil T. Brannigan, Thomas G. Sim, Angela Gallego-Sala, Vincent E.J. Jassey. Investigation: Graeme Swindles, Donal J. Mullan, Neil T. Brannigan, Richard E. Fewster, Thomas G. Sim, Maarten Blaauw, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Vincent E.J. Jassey, Katarzyna Marcisz, Sophie M. Green, Thomas P. Roland, Julie Loisel, Jennifer M. Galloway. Methodology: Graeme Swindles, Donal J. Mullan, Neil T. Brannigan, Richard E. Fewster, Thomas G. Sim, Angela Gallego-Sala, Callum R.C. Evans. Project administration: Graeme Swindles. Resources: Graeme Swindles. Supervision: Graeme Swindles. Validation: Graeme Swindles. Visualization: Graeme Swindles, Donal J. Mullan, Neil T. Brannigan. Writing – original draft: Graeme Swindles, Donal J. Mullan, Neil T. Brannigan, Richard E. Fewster, Thomas G. Sim, Angela Gallego-Sala, Maarten Blaauw, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Vincent E.J. Jassey, Katarzyna Marcisz, Sophie M. Green, Thomas P. Roland, Julie Loisel, Callum R.C. Evans, Jennifer M. Galloway, Michelle M. McKeown. Writing – review & editing: Graeme Swindles, Neil T. Brannigan, Richard E. Fewster, Thomas G. Sim, Maarten Blaauw, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Katarzyna Marcisz, Julie Loisel, Matthew J. Amesbury, Antony Blundell, Frank M. Chambers, Dan J. Charman, Angelica Feurdean, Jennifer M. Galloway, Mariusz Galka, Edgar Karofeld, Evelyn M. Keaveney, Atte Korhola, Lukasz Lamentowicz, Peter Langdon, Dmitri Mauquoy, Michelle M. McKeown, Edward A. D. Mitchell, Gill

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Plunkett, Helen M. Roe, T. Edward Turner, Ulle Sillasoo, Minna Valiranta, Marjolein van der Linden, Barry Warner. References 1. Gallego-Sala AV, Charman DJ, Brewer S, Page SE, Prentice IC, Friedlingstein P, et al. Latitudinal limits to the predicted increase of the peatland carbon sink with warming. Nature Clim Change. 2018;8(10):907–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0271-1 2. Xu J, Morris PJ, Liu J, Holden J. PEATMAP: Refining estimates of global peatland distribution based on a meta-analysis. CATENA. 2018;160:134– 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.09.010 3. Swindles GT, Morris PJ, Mullan DJ, Payne RJ, Roland TP, Amesbury MJ, et al. Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries. Nat Geosci. 2019;12(11):922–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0462-z 4. Limpens J, Berendse F, Blodau C, Canadell JG, Freeman C, Holden J, et al. Peatlands and the carbon cycle: from local processes to global impli- cations – a synthesis. Biogeosciences. 2008;5(5):1475–91. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1475-2008 5. Panagos P, Van Liedekerke M, Yigini Y, Montanarella L. Contaminated sites in Europe: review of the current situation based on data collected through a European network. J Environ Public Health. 2013;2013:158764. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/158764 PMID: 23843802 6. Malmer N, Wallén B. Peat formation and mass balance in subarctic ombrotrophic peatland around Abisko, northern Scandinavia. Ecol Bull. 1996;1996:79–92.

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7. Malmer N, Svensson G, Wallén B. Carbon and mass balance in a south Swedish ombrotrophic bog: processes and variation during recent centu- ries. Mires Peat. 2011;8(1). 8. Holden J. Peatland hydrology and carbon release: why small-scale process matters. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2005;363(1837):2891– 913. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1671 PMID: 16286296 9. Thormann MN, Szumigalski AR, Bayley SE. Aboveground peat and carbon accumulation potentials along a bog-fen-marsh wetland gradient in southern boreal Alberta, Canada. Wetlands. 1999;19(2):305–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03161761 10. Belyea LR, Malmer N. Carbon sequestration in peatland: patterns and mechanisms of response to climate change. Global Change Biology. 2004;10(7):1043–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00783.x 11. Rydin H, Jeglum JK. Peatlands around the world. The Biology of Peatlands. 2006;216–38. 12. Page SE, Baird AJ. Peatlands and Global Change: Response and Resilience. Annu Rev Environ Resour. 2016;41(1):35–57. https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085520