Climate change and spatio-temporal trend analysis of climate extremes in the homogeneous climatic zones of Pakistan during 1962-2019

SON was observed as shown in Table 2. Precipitation increased significantly during all seasons except JJA. The mMK tests’ results for maximum, minimum temperature and precipitation Fig 2. Schematic presentation of the methodology of the study. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271626.g002 Table 2. Test of significance of the difference between 1991–2019 and 1962–1990 about average temperature and precipitation for all seasons and climate zones. Variable Season Zone-1 Zone-2 Zone-3 Zone-4 Zone-5 Average Temperature DJF 1.8174��� 0.0358 0.3453��� 0.6908��� 0.5422��� MAM 1.2477��� 0.3193��� 0.1619�� 0.3604��� 0.9524��� JJA -1.2613��� 0.0654�� -0.4206��� -0.1703��� 0.0501 SON -0.5780��� -0.0100 0.3273��� 0.3578��� 0.4525��� Overall 0.3016�� 0.1033 0.1017 0.3077��� 0.4992��� Precipitation DJF 2.4593��� 4.8609��� 0.1886 0.2085 2.2729���� MAM 0.7455�� 2.0928�� 0.7138��� 0.1233 0.7285 JJA 0.0995 5.5510��� 1.9361��� 1.1500�� 4.9269��� SON 0.9809��� 3.4153��� 0.5277��� 1.5977��� 3.7380��� Overall 1.0649�� 3.9773��� 0.8455��� 0.7703�� 2.9174��� Note: Where “���” and “��” indicate significance of the test at 1% and 5% level of significance. DJF = December, January, February; MAM = March, April, May; JJA = June, July, August; SON = September, October, November. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271626.t002 PLOS ONE Climate change and extremes analysis using observed data (1962-2019) over Pakistan PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271626 July 27, 2022 8 / 27