Climate change and spatio-temporal trend analysis of climate extremes in the homogeneous climatic zones of Pakistan during 1962-2019

change in precipitation, maximum, and minimum temperature are -0.0224, -0.0157 and 0.0560, respectively. GSL, SU25, TMINMean, and TMAXMean have increasing trends during both time slices. TN10P has decreasing trend throughout while TN90P has decreasing and significantly increas- ing trends in the first and second time slice, respectively. TX10P and TX90P have decreasing trends during the second time period. Most of the precipitation extremes have increasing trends during both time slices. CDD, CSDI, R99P and WSDI have decreasing trends during the first time period while CSDI, PRCPTOT, R10mm, R95P and SDII have decreasing trends during the second time period. The average number of CWD slightly increased from 15 to 17 annually during 1962–1990 to 1991–2019 (Fig 8). In contrast, the standard deviation of CWD decreased from 8 to 6 during Fig 5. Spatial distribution of changes during 1991–2019 with respect to 1962–1990 of different climate extremes across Pakistan. The extremes are TMAXMean, TX10P, TX90P, TMINMean, TN10P, and TN90P. The legend used in top right panel is applicable to all parts of this figure. The shapefile used for this figure is available at https://data.humdata.org/dataset/pakistan-union-council-boundaries-along-with-other-admin- boundaries-dataset. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271626.g005 Fig 6. Spatial distribution of changes during 1991–2019 with respect to 1962–1990 of different climate extremes across Pakistan. The extremes are FD0, GSL, and

SU25. The legend used in the first panel is applicable to all parts of this figure. The shapefile used for this figure is available at https://data.humdata.org/dataset/pakistan- union-council-boundaries-along-with-other-admin-boundaries-dataset. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271626.g006 PLOS ONE Climate change and extremes analysis using observed data (1962-2019) over Pakistan PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271626 July 27, 2022 13 / 27