Climate change and spatio-temporal trend analysis of climate extremes in the homogeneous climatic zones of Pakistan during 1962-2019

decrease during JJA. The magnitude of change during DJF and JJA are highest with values 0.6908 and -0.1703, respectively. In addition, precipitation increased significantly only during JJA and SON. The mMK test shows a decreasing trend in precipitation and maximum temper- ature with values -0.0986 and -0.0212, respectively. The change in minimum temperature has significantly increasing trend with value a value of 0.158. During the second time slice, GSL and SU25 increased and decreased, respectively. TMAX- Mean has an increasing trend in contrast to the significant increasing trend of TMINMean during 1991–2019. TN10P decreased during the second time slice compared to the first time slice. On the other hand, TN90P significantly increased during the second time slice. TX10P and TX90P show a decreasing and increasing trend, respectively, during the second time slice. During the second time slice, all precipitation extremes have decreasing trend except an increase in CWD. The average number of CWD (Fig 8) has increased from 7 to 8 annually. The standard devi- ation of CWD increased from 3 to 5 during the 1991–2019. The maximum number of CWD is 19 during 1991–2019. The maximum number of CDD reduced from 225 to 149 during 1962– 1990 and 1991–2019, respectively. No significant change with the average number of zero is observed in the distribution of FD0 (Fig 10). Zone 5. The average temperature increased significantly except JJA with an insignificant increase. Changes in average precipitation, except MAM are highly significant. There is a sig-

nificantly decreasing trend in precipitation and maximum temperature while significantly increasing trend for minimum temperature in this region. The values of mMK test statistic for Fig 4. Climate extremes related to precipitation for each climatic zone and two independent time duration. Each color has specific meaning and given below. Note: The colors represent different status for each extreme mentioned in these figures. Green color shows no changes. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271626.g004 PLOS ONE Climate change and extremes analysis using observed data (1962-2019) over Pakistan PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271626 July 27, 2022 12 / 27