Climate change and spatio-temporal trend analysis of climate extremes in the homogeneous climatic zones of Pakistan during 1962-2019

increasing trend for maximum temperature change with the values -0.0890, -0.0637 and 0.0645, respectively. Both GSL and SU25 increased in the recent period. TMAXMean has decreasing and signifi- cantly increasing trend in the first and second-time slice, respectively. The results of TMIN- Mean are in contrast with TMAXMean. TN10P, TN90P, TNN, TNX, TR20 decreased in the recent time period. A significantly decreasing and increasing trend is noted in TX10P and TX90P in the second time slice, respectively. In addition, most of the precipitation extremes indicate an increasing trend during the first time slice except CDD, CSDI and WSDI with decreasing trend. In contrast, most of these extremes decreased except CDD, R10mm, R25mm and WSDI which have increasing trend during the 1991–2021. R95P, R99P and PRCPTOT have decreasing trend in the second time slice. The average CWD and their standard deviation reduced from 8 and 6 during 1962–1990 to 6 and 3 during 1991–2019. The CDD (Fig 9) drastically decreased from 330 to 170 during 1962–1990 to 1991–2019 with decreased variability in the recent period. The average number of FD0 (Fig 10) reduced from 55 to 34 during 1962–1990 to 1991–2019. Zone 4. The average precipitation and temperature changes in zone 4 are given in Table 2. The average temperature changed significantly with an increase during DJF, MAM, SON and Fig 3. Climate extremes related to temperature for each climatic zone and two independent time duration. Each color has specific meaning

and given in note mention with Fig 4. Note: The colors represent different status for each extreme mentioned in these figures. Green color shows no changes. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271626.g003 PLOS ONE Climate change and extremes analysis using observed data (1962-2019) over Pakistan PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271626 July 27, 2022 11 / 27