Chironomid-climate continentality conundrum

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327780 August 5, 2025 14 / 18 S3 File. IndVal performance values for the taxa revealed significancy. (DOCX) S4 File. Weighted average regression based estimated optima for Chironomidae morphotypes revealed signifi- cancy in IndVal. (CSV) Acknowledgments We express our gratitude to Simon Belle, Angela Self, and Steve Brooks for scientific advice. Author contributions Conceptualization: Anneli Poska, Siim Veski. Data curation: Varvara Bakumenko, Anneli Poska. Formal analysis: Varvara Bakumenko. Funding acquisition: Siim Veski. Investigation: Varvara Bakumenko, Brian Huser. Methodology: Varvara Bakumenko, Anneli Poska. Project administration: Siim Veski. Resources: Siim Veski. Supervision: Anneli Poska, H. John B. Birks, Siim Veski. Validation: Anneli Poska. Visualization: Varvara Bakumenko, Anneli Poska. Writing – original draft: Varvara Bakumenko. Writing – review & editing: Anneli Poska, H. John B. Birks, Siim Veski. References 1. Jones VJ, Solovieva N, Self AE, McGowan S, Rosén P, Salonen JS, et al. The influence of Holocene tree-line advance and retreat on an arctic lake ecosystem: a multi-proxy study from Kharinei Lake, North Eastern European Russia. J Paleolimnol. 2011;46(1):123–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10933-011-9528-7 2. Stonevicius E, Stankunavicius G, Rimkus E. Continentality and Oceanity in the Mid and High Latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and Their Links to Atmospheric Circulation. Advances in Meteorology. 2018;2018:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5746191

3. Gorczyński L. Sur Le Calcul Du Degré Du Continentalisme Et Son Application Dans La Climatologie. Geografiska Annaler. 1920;2: 324–31. 4. Zambakas J. General climatology. Greece: Department of Geology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens. 1992. 5. Alexandrov GA, Ginzburg AS, Golitsyn GS. Influence of North Atlantic Oscillation on Moscow Climate Continentality. Izv Atmos Ocean Phys. 2019;55(5):407–11. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0001433819050025 6. Bethere L, Sennikovs J, Bethers U. Climate indices for the Baltic states from principal component analysis. Earth Syst Dynam. 2017;8(4):951–62. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-951-2017 7. Williams JW, Jackson ST, Kutzbach JE. Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(14):5738–42. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606292104 PMID: 17389402 8. Driscoll DM, Fong JMY. Continentality: A basic climatic parameter re‐examined. Intl Journal of Climatology. 1992;12(2):185–92. https://doi. org/10.1002/joc.3370120207 9. Hamm A, Magnússon RÍ, Khattak AJ, Frampton A. Continentality determines warming or cooling impact of heavy rainfall events on permafrost. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):3578. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39325-4 PMID: 37328462 10. Molchanova NP, Letuchy AV, Morozova SV, Kondakov KS, Shcherbakova NA. The influence of the degree of climate continentality on the produc- tivity of agricultural production. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2022;1010(1):012156. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012156