Predicting coastal erosion susceptibility in Bangladesh under climate scenario via machine learning techniques

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0334347 November 5, 2025 30 / 34 24. Sadia H, Sarkar SK, Haydar M. Soil erosion susceptibility mapping in Bangladesh. Ecological Indicators. 2023;156:111182. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.111182 25. Rudra RR, Sarkar SK. Artificial neural network for flood susceptibility mapping in Bangladesh. Heliyon. 2023;9(6):e16459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. heliyon.2023.e16459 PMID: 37251459 26. Khosravi K, Rezaie F, Cooper JR, Kalantari Z, Abolfathi S, Hatamiafkoueieh J. Soil water erosion susceptibility assessment using deep learning algorithms. Journal of Hydrology. 2023;618:129229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129229 27. AlDahoul N, Essam Y, Kumar P, Ahmed AN, Sherif M, Sefelnasr A, et al. Suspended sediment load prediction using long short-term memory neural network. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):7826. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87415-4 PMID: 33837236 28. Rao DR, Raju PBN. Coastal sea line dynamics using machine learning and LSTM based deep learning models. 2021. https://papers.ssrn.com/ sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5060685 29. Ait Naceur H, Abdo HG, Igmoullan B, Namous M, Alshehri F, A Albanai J. Implementation of random forest, adaptive boosting, and gradient boost- ing decision trees algorithms for gully erosion susceptibility mapping using remote sensing and GIS. Environ Earth Sci. 2024;83(3). https://doi. org/10.1007/s12665-024-11424-5 30. Rahman M, Rafi MKH, Tasmim N, Islam MM, Raju MR, Karim MR. Unveiling the Wrath of Erosion: Assessing the Impacts of Soil Erosion on the

Coastal Region of Bangladesh. IUBAT Rev. 2023;6(2):1–24. https://doi.org/10.3329/iubatr.v6i2.71303 31. Islam MdR, Imran HM, Islam MdR, Saha GC. A RUSLE-based comprehensive strategy to assess soil erosion in a riverine country, Bangladesh. Environ Earth Sci. 2024;83(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11455-y 32. Hasan MdH, Ahmed A, Nafee KM, Hossen MdA. Use of machine learning algorithms to assess flood susceptibility in the coastal area of Bangla- desh. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2023;236:106503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106503 33. Mamun AA, Islam ARMdT, Alam E, Chandra Pal S, Alam GMM. Assessing Riverbank Erosion and Livelihood Resilience Using Traditional Approaches in Northern Bangladesh. Sustainability. 2022;14(4):2348. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042348 34. Akter J, Islam SN. Water resources management in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Water Resources Management in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh. 2022. 35. Ahmed A, Nawaz R, Drake F, Woulds C. Modelling land susceptibility to erosion in the coastal area of Bangladesh: A geospatial approach. Geo- morphology. 2018;320:82–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.08.004 36. Ministry of Environment and Forests G. Bangladesh: National programme of action for protection of the coastal and marine environment from land- based activities. 2006. 37. Akter J, Islam SN. Water resources management in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Water Resources Management in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh. 2022;(January 2010).

38. C. D. S. Proceeding. Draft Coastal Development Strategy (CDS): Highlights, no. October 2004. 2005. p. 2004–2007. 39. Roy B, Penha-Lopes GP, Uddin MS, Kabir MH, Lourenço TC, Torrejano A. Sea level rise induced impacts on coastal areas of Bangladesh and local-led community-based adaptation. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2022;73:102905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijdrr.2022.102905 40. Alves DCL, Weschenfelder J, Ferreira-Cravo M, de A. Espinoza JM, da G. Albuquerque M. Advances in the Application of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) for the Evaluation of Coastal Flooding. Mercator (Fortaleza). 2021;20(April):e20012. https://doi.org/10.4215/rm2021.e20012 41. Eakins BW, Grothe PR. Challenges in Building Coastal Digital Elevation Models. Journal of Coastal Research. 2014;297:942–53. https://doi. org/10.2112/jcoastres-d-13-00192.1 42. Ahmed N, Howlader N, Hoque MA-A, Pradhan B. Coastal erosion vulnerability assessment along the eastern coast of Bangladesh using geospa- tial techniques. Ocean & Coastal Management. 2021;199:105408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105408 43. Cissé COT, Marić I, Domazetović F, Glavačević K, Almar R. Derivation of Coastal Erosion Susceptibility and Socio-Economic Vulnerability Models for Sustainable Coastal Management in Senegal. Sustainability. 2024;16(17):7422. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177422 44. Chen G, Zeng T, Liu D, Chen H, Wang L, Wang L, et al. Geomorphological and Geological Characteristics Slope Unit: Advancing Township-Scale

Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Strategies. Land. 2025;14(2):355. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020355 45. Dionísio António S, van der Werf J, Horstman E, Cáceres I, Alsina J, van der Zanden J, et al. Influence of Beach Slope on Morphological Changes and Sediment Transport under Irregular Waves. JMSE. 2023;11(12):2244. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11122244 46. Samia J, Temme A, Bregt A, Wallinga J, Guzzetti F, Ardizzone F, et al. Characterization and quantification of path dependency in landslide suscep- tibility. Geomorphology. 2017;292:16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.04.039 47. Winzeler HE, Owens PR, Read QD, Libohova Z, Ashworth A, Sauer T. Topographic Wetness Index as a Proxy for Soil Moisture in a Hillslope Cat- ena: Flow Algorithms and Map Generalization. Land. 2022;11(11):2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112018 48. De Reu J, Bourgeois J, Bats M, Zwertvaegher A, Gelorini V, De Smedt P, et al. Application of the topographic position index to heterogeneous landscapes. Geomorphology. 2013;186:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.12.015 49. Al-Sababhah N. Topographic Position Index to Landform Classification and Spatial Planning, Using GIS, for Wadi Araba, South West Jordan. eer. 2023;11(1):79–101. https://doi.org/10.13189/eer.2023.110106