Overtopping risk of high-hazard embankment dam under climate change condition

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), National Water, Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), and Universiti Tenaga Nasional for sup- porting the research work. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Wan Noorul Hafilah Wan Ariffin, Lariyah Mohd Sidek. Data curation: Hazri Mohd Khambali, Muhammad Izzat Azhar Khebir, Ali Najah Ahmed. Formal analysis: Wan Noorul Hafilah Wan Ariffin. Funding acquisition: Lariyah Mohd Sidek. Investigation: Wan Noorul Hafilah Wan Ariffin, M. Torres Adrian, Muhammad Izzat Azhar Khebir. Methodology: Wan Noorul Hafilah Wan Ariffin, Hidayah Basri. Project administration: Hazri Mohd Khambali. Resources: Noorhayati Idros, Noor Hisham Abd Ghani, Hazri Mohd Khambali. Software: M. Torres Adrian, Siti Mariam Allias Omar. Supervision: Lariyah Mohd Sidek, Hidayah Basri. Validation: Hidayah Basri, Noor Hisham Abd Ghani, Siti Mariam Allias Omar, Muhammad Izzat Azhar Khebir. Visualization: Noorhayati Idros, M. Torres Adrian, Noor Hisham Abd Ghani, Ali Najah Ahmed. Writing – original draft: Siti Mariam Allias Omar. Writing – review & editing: Wan Noorul Hafilah Wan Ariffin, Noorhayati Idros, Ali Najah Ahmed. References 1. Zhang S., Hou W., Yin J., & Lin Z. (2022). A Review of Research and Practice on the Theory and Tech- nology of Reservoir Dam Risk Assessment. Sustainability, 14, 14984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su142214984 2. ICOLD (2011). Definition of a Large Dam. Commission International des Grands Barrages, International

Commission on Large Dams. https://www.icold-cigb.org/GB/dams/definition_of_a_large_dam.asp. Accessed 2 November 2022. 3. Adamo N., Al-Ansari N., Sissakian V., Laue J., & Knutsson S. (2020). Dam Safety Problems Related to Seepage. Journal of Earth Science and Geotechnical Engineering, 10(6), 191–239. Scientific Press International Limited. ISSN: 1792-9040 (print version), 1792–9660 (online). 4. Donnelly, C. R. (2005). Assessing the Safety and Security of Dams. International Conference on Safety & Security of Energy Infrastructures in a Comparative View (SEIF-CV), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.13140/ 2.1.3736.7362 5. U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation USBR (2012). Reclamation Managing Water in the West Standards No. 13 Embankment Dams Chapter 2: Embankment Design Phase 4 (Final). https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/designstandards-datacollectionguides/finalds-pdfs/DS13-2. pdf. Accessed 2 November 2022. 6. U.S. Department of Homeland Security FEMA (2019). Emergency Operations Planning: Dam Incident Planning Guide Dam Safety Collaborative Technical Assistance. FEMA Dam Incident Planning Guide. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-08/dam_incident_planning_guide_2019.pdf. Accessed 2 November 2022. PLOS ONE Climate change PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311181 February 27, 2025 30 / 32