Overtopping risk of high-hazard embankment dam under climate change condition

Fig 25. Maximum reservoir level based on inflow for PMF and return period. Projected flood levels between 1 and 100000 Average Recurrence Intervals (ARI) under three emission scenarios: RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 across different time periods; the historical baseline from 1975–2019 is compared to early-century (2020–2046), mid-century (2047–2073), and late-century (2074–2100) projections. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311181.g025 Fig 26. Inflow for PMF and return period between 1 and 100 000-years. hydrograph at (a) Early Century (2020– 2046), (b) Mid Century (2047–2073), and (c) Late Century (2074–2100) under different climate scenarios. The upper line indicates inflows exceeding the dam crest level. In the historical period from 1975 to 2019, the water levels have consistently remained below the crest level of embankment dams, indicating no overtopping risk during this timeframe. This observation aligns with the stability and performance of existing dam structures under historical climate conditions. The absence of overtopping incidents suggests that the design and operational protocols in place were effective for the climatic conditions experienced during this period. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311181.g026 PLOS ONE Climate change PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311181 February 27, 2025 29 / 32