Overtopping risk of high-hazard embankment dam under climate change condition

decreased rainfall in the northeast monsoon while the increasing pattern in southwest mon- soon [26]. Fig 8 presents significant information into historical and future patterns of rainfall. The average yearly rainfall for the historical period was 2467 mm. All RCP scenarios, however, experienced a notable rise of 12.43% in the first part of the century, with RCP 4.5 recording the greatest average annual rainfall of 2828 mm. With values of 2887 mm and 2755 mm, respectively, into the middle of the century, RCP 4.5 and RCP 6.0 both continued to show higher average annual rainfall than in the early century. In terms of rainfall, RCP 4.5 continued to lead. However, average annual rainfall for RCP 4.5 decreased to 2715 mm in the latter part of the century, whereas average annual rainfall for RCP 6.0 (2925 mm) and RCP 8.5 (2756 mm) increased. Of the two, RCP 6.0 had the largest increase, exceeding 18.6% above the base annual rainfall. These results emphasise how critical it is to comprehend and mitigate climate change, especially in light of the many pathways of greenhouse gas concentrations that the RCP scenarios reflect. Hydrology analysis Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP). Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) was predicted for (1, 3, 6, and 12-hour) and (1, 3 and 5-day) as displayed in Fig 9. The bar chart Fig 5. Historical monthly observed, projected, and corrected rainfall (mm). a) Corrected monthly rainfall under RCP4.5 for Station Kg Sg Tua b) Corrected monthly rainfall under RCP6.0 for Station Kg Sg Tua c) Corrected monthly rainfall under RCP 8.5 for Kg Sg Tua.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311181.g005 PLOS ONE Climate change PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311181 February 27, 2025 12 / 32