Public support for restoration: Does including ecosystem services as a goal engage a different set of values and attitudes than biodiversity protection alone?

an ES attribute, while those more strongly expressing Preservationist attitudes were more likely to choose a biodiversity attribute. When respondents were asked to agree or disagree with two statements about the BES res- toration—one that it would benefit people and the other that it would benefit nature—46% did not indicate equal agreement with the two statements. For these respondents, we tested the influence of values and attitudes on being more certain that the restoration would benefit nature more than people. This belief was associated with a higher Preservation axis score, a lower Utilization axis score, and a decreased Egoistic value orientation (Table 3). We found concern about potential undesirable outcomes from restoration, as expressed by the Disservices Index, decreased with more Preservationist attitudes and greater Altruistic value scores, and increased as respondents expressed more Utilizationist attitudes and Egoistic values (Table 4). The adjusted R2 was 0.34 for this analysis. Values and attitudes scores showed some degree of intercorrelation (Table 5). The strongest associations were between values and attitudes of the same type, i.e., there was a highly positive correlation between the two self-transcending values, Biospheric and Altruistic, and a highly negative correlation between the two environmental attitude axes, Preservation and Utiliza- tion. Altruism was positively related to Preservation and negatively related to Utilization. Biospheric values had the strongest relationship to attitudes, being positively correlated with

Preservation and negatively correlated with Utilization. Egoistic values had the reverse rela- tionship, but correlation coefficients were weak overall. Table 2. Logistic regression statistics for dependence on values and attitudes of choosing an ecosystem service instead of a biodiversity attribute as the preferred restoration outcome. Standard β Z p Altruistic 0.061 0.439 0.661 Biospheric -0.141 -0.893 0.372 Egoistic 0.335 2.88 0.004 Preservationist -0.741 -5.66 <0.001 Utilizationist 1.117 8.11 <0.001 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245074.t002 Table 3. Logistic regression statistics for dependence on values and attitudes of belief that restoration will have greater benefits to nature than to people. Standard β Z p Altruistic 1.252 1.764 0.078 Biospheric 1.458 1.643 0.100 Egoistic -1.674 -2.611 0.009 Preservationist 1.353 2.031 .042 Utilizationist -2.489 -3.647 <0.001 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245074.t003 Table 4. Regression statistics for dependence on values and attitudes of the Disservices Index, a measure of con- cern that restoration will have important societal drawbacks. Standard β Z p Altruistic -0.051 -2.015 0.044 Biospheric -0.002 -0.067 0.946 Egoistic 0.123 5.972 < .001 Preservationist -0.109 -4.62 < .001 Utilizationist 0.465 19.11 < .001 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245074.t004 PLOS ONE Values and attitudes towards biodiversity and ecosystem service goals of restoration PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245074 January 19, 2021 6 / 15