Climate variability on Fit for 55 European power systems

adequacy assessment described in the EU directive, depicting a common approach for all EU states for electricity crisis prevention [59]. Finally, we note that the presented projection of cli- mate variability to future scenarios does not consider the effects of climate change, which is known to have a significant impact on European power systems In further analysis, we will consider future changes in atmospheric circulation that may have an impact on weather pat- terns, leading to possible changes in frequency and persistence [60]. Supporting information S1 File. (DOCX) Acknowledgments The authors want to thank Kostas Kavvadias for his support in setting up the modelling frame- work, Christian Grams for sharing the weather patterns data and Catriona Black for her careful editing. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Matteo De Felice. Formal analysis: Matteo De Felice, Konstantinos Kanellopoulos, Sebastian Busch. Investigation: Matteo De Felice. Methodology: Matteo De Felice, Derck Koolen, Konstantinos Kanellopoulos, Sebastian Busch. Software: Matteo De Felice. Supervision: Matteo De Felice, Derck Koolen, Konstantinos Kanellopoulos, Andreas Zucker. Validation: Matteo De Felice, Sebastian Busch, Andreas Zucker. Visualization: Matteo De Felice. Writing – original draft: Matteo De Felice. Writing – review & editing: Matteo De Felice, Derck Koolen, Konstantinos Kanellopoulos, Sebastian Busch, Andreas Zucker. References 1. European Commission. (2023). Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Regulations (EU) 2019/943 and (EU) 2019/942 as well as Directives (EU) 2018/2001 and (EU) 2019/944 to improve the Union’s electricity market design. https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52023PC0148&qid=1679410882233 2. IEA. (2022). Renewables 2022 Data Explorer. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/ renewables-data-explorer 3. Davis S. J., Lewis N. S., Shaner M., Aggarwal S., Arent D., Azevedo I. L., et al. (2018). Net-zero emis- sions energy systems. Science, 360(6396). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aas9793 PMID: 29954954 4. Bonjean Stanton M. C., Dessai S., & Paavola J. (2016). A systematic review of the impacts of climate variability and change on electricity systems in Europe. Energy, 109, 1148–1159. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.energy.2016.05.015 5. Ruhnau O., & Qvist S. (2022). Storage requirements in a 100% renewable electricity system: extreme events and inter-annual variability. Environmental Research Letters, 17(4), 044018. https://doi.org/10. 1088/1748-9326/ac4dc8 PLOS ONE Climate variability on Fit for 55 European power systems PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289705 December 20, 2023 13 / 16