Effective implementation of the Sport Education Model in physical education: A meta-analysis of participant and intervention characteristics

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0331228 October 16, 2025 15 / 17 no less than 60 minutes and no more than 18 lessons, applied to secondary students with no prior SEM experience in small class sizes. This study provides frontline physical education teachers with recommendations for selecting participant and intervention characteristics for SEM implementation and offers theoretical support for the high-quality development of school sports through SEM. Supporting information S1 Appendix. PRISMA 2020 checklist. (PDF) S2 Appendix. Detailed search strategy. (DOCX) S3 Appendix. Description of 430 records. (XLS) S4 Appendix. Data used for meta-analysis. (XLSX) S5 Appendix. The detailed results of the meta-analysis of the overall and different moderating variables effects. (DOCX) Author contributions Data curation: Gege Yao. Funding acquisition: Wensheng Xiao. Methodology: Xiaorong Bai, Wensheng Xiao. Resources: Wensheng Xiao. Software: Xiaorong Bai. Supervision: Kim Geok Soh, Mohd Ashraff Mohd Anuar. Writing – original draft: Junlong Zhang. Writing – review & editing: Kim Geok Soh, Lixia Bao. References 1. Bessa C, Hastie P, Araújo R, Mesquita I. What do we know about the development of personal and social skills within the Sport Education Model: a systematic review. J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(4):812–29. PMID: 31827367 2. Hastie PA, de Ojeda DM, Luquin AC. A review of research on sport education: 2004 to the present. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy. 2011;16(2):103–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2010.535202

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