Addressing biodiversity knowledge shortfalls in New World Helicopsychidae (Insecta, Trichoptera): Potential distribution, environmental gradients, and identification of conservation and research priority areas

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327580 July 28, 2025 8 / 22 Species KS Museum Distribution H. (F.) singulare Botosaneanu & Flint, 1991 ♂ NMNH; USNM; ZMUA PRI H. (F.) sinuata Denning & Blickle, 1979 ♂ UCD; NMNH MEX; USA H. (F.) succincta Johanson & Holzenthal, 2004 ♂ NMNH; UFBA BRA; VEN H. (F.) sucrensis Johanson & Holzenthal, 2004 ♂ UMSP VEN H. (F.) tachira Johanson & Holzenthal, 2004 ♂ UMSP VEN H. (F.) tapadas Denning, 1966 ♂ CAS; UFBA BRA; VEN H. (F.) temora Denning & Blickle, 1979 ♂ UCD MEX H. (F.) thelidomus Hagen, 1864 C – VEN H. (F.) timbira Silva, Santos & Nessimian, 2014 ♂♀* DZRJ; MNRJ; INPA BRA H. (F.) truncata Ross, 1956 ♂ INHS; UMSP; USNM CRI; MEX; PAN H. (F.) turbida Navás, 1923 all MZBS; NMNH; IBN; USNM ARG H. (F.) tuxtlensis Bueno-Soria, 1983 ♂♀* IBUNAM; UCD; USNM GTM; MEX; PAN H. (F.) umbonata Hagen, 1864 all USNM; MCZ; AMNH; USNM JAM H. (F.) valligera Flint, 1983 ♂♀* NMNH; USNM ARG; BRA H. (F.) venezuelensis Johanson & Holzenthal, 2004 ♂ UMSP VEN H. (F.) vergelana Ross, 1956 all INHS; NMNH; NRM; UCD; UFPE; UMSP; USNM BLZ; BRA; COL; CRI; ECU; GTM; GUY; MEX; NIC; PAN; PER; SUR; TRI; VEM H. (F.) villegasi Denning & Blickle, 1979 ♂ UCD MEX † H. (F.) voigti Johanson & Wichard, 1996 ♂ Collection Wichard DOM H. (F.) woldai Johanson, 2003 ♂ NMNH; UCD PAN H. (F.) woytkowskii Ross, 1956 ♂♀* INHS; NRM; UMSP PAN; PER; VEN KS = Known semaphoronts; ♂ = Male; ♀ = Female; L = Larvae; P = Pupa; Collections that house type material in bold; *semaphoronts present in material

examined of the publications, but not formally described. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327580.t001 Table 1. (Continued) temperature, precipitation, elevation) obtained through WorldClim version 2.1 (https://www.worldclim.org/data/world- clim21.html), and data of freshwater ecosystems (i.e., Sthaler order, flow velocity, discharge, water body size) available in HydroRIVERS and HydroLAKES version 1.0 (https://www.hydrosheds.org). Based on this, distribution value plots and boxplots were generated using the ‘ggplot’ function of the ggplot2 package, a correlation analysis between the variables was performed with the Spearman method using the ‘correlate’ function of the ‘corrr’ package (https://cran.r-project.org/ package=corrr) and PERMANOVA analysis with Jaccard similarity index was performed to assess the similarity between subgenus both performed in R environment. Distribution modelling Environmental data were obtained from monthly climate data for minimum, mean, and maximum temperature, precipita- tion, solar radiation, wind speed, water vapor pressure, and for total precipitation, 19 “bioclimatic” variables, and elevation on a scale of 5 arc minutes, all environmental variables obtained in WorldClim version 2.1 (https://www.worldclim.org/ data/worldclim21.html). The resolutions of these environmental variables were kept, avoiding the loss of information or the impossibility of modelling. After obtaining the data, a correlation analysis between the variables was performed with the

Spearman method using the ‘correlate’ function of the ‘corrr’ package (https://cran.r-project.org/package=corrr) in the R environment. This correlation analysis permitted to selection of uncorrelated variables and consequently to avoid over- weighing in the models. Variables with correlation values greater than 80% were considered correlated.