Addressing biodiversity knowledge shortfalls in New World Helicopsychidae (Insecta, Trichoptera): Potential distribution, environmental gradients, and identification of conservation and research priority areas

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327580 July 28, 2025 5 / 22 Table 1. Species of Helicopsyche and information of known semaphoronts, distribution, and collections with deposited material. Species KS Museum Distribution H. (C.) amazona Johanson, 2003 ♂ USNM, NRM BRA H. (C.) amica Johanson, 2003 ♂, ♀* MVC, USNM, MCZ, ISNB BRA, GUY, VEN H. (C.) blahniki Johanson, 2003 ♂, ♀* UMSP, CIUC, FMNH, MVC, USNM NRM BRA, COL, ECU, GUY, PER, VEN H. (C.) brazilia Johanson, 2003 ♂, ♀* MZUSP, USNM, MRM BRA H. (C.) chocoensis Johanson, 2003 ♂, ♀* USNM BRA, COL H. (C.) clara (Ulmer, 1905) ♂, ♀ MCZ, MZUSP, UMSP, USNM ARG, BRA, ECU H. (C.) holzenthali Johanson, 2003 ♂, ♀* UMSP, USMN VEN H. (C.) lobata (Flint, 1983) ♂ USNM, MCZ, MZUSP, UMSP ARG, BRA, PER H. (C.) nyurga Oláh & Oláh, 2022 ♂ OPC ECU H. (C.) napoa Johanson, 2003 ♂, ♀* USNM ECU H. (C.) ocosingua Johanson, 2003 ♂, ♀* INHS, NRM BRA, MEX H. (C.) opalescens (Flint, 1972) ♂ USNM, FNMH, MZUSP, UMSP ARG, BRA, ECU, GUY, PAR, PER, SUR, URU, VEN H. (C.) pandeirosa Johanson, 2003 ♂, ♀* MZUSP, UMSP, NRM, USNM BRA H. (C.) paraguaiensis Johanson, 2003 ♂ USNM PAR H. (C.) puyoa Johanson, 2003 ♂, ♀* USNM, UMSP BRA, ECU H. (C.) vazquezae (Flint, 1986) ♂, L, P, C USNM, INHS, UMSP BOL, COR, ECU, MEX, VEN H. (C.) xinguensis Johanson, 2003 ♂, ♀* MZUSP, USNM, UMSP BRA H. (F.) alajuela Johanson & Holzenthal, 2010 ♂ NMNH; COZEM CRI; PAN H. (F.) altercoma Botosaneanu & Flint, 1991 ♂♀ NMNH; CMNH; FSCA; ZMUA DOM

H. (F.) angeloi Holzenthal, Blahnik & Calor, 2016 ♂♀* MZUSP; UFBA; UMSP BRA H. (F.) angulata Flint, 1981 ♂♀ USNM; UMSP; NRM COL; ECU; VEN H. (F.) apicauda Flint, 1968 all USNM; NMNH DMA; GUA H. (F.) auroa Johanson & Holzenthal, 2004 ♂♀* UMSP; NMNH VEN H. (F.) bendego Dumas & Nessimian, 2019 ♂♀* DZRJ BRA H. (F.) blancasi Schmid, 1958 ♂♀* NMNH PER H. (F.) blantoni Johanson & Malm, 2006 ♂ NMNH; NRM PAN H. (F.) borealis (Hagen, 1861) all MCZ; UMSP; NMNH; TAMU; USNM CAN; CRI; GTM; HND; MEX; NIC; PAN; USA H. (F.) braziliensis (Swainson, 1840) C – BRA H. (F.) breviterga Flint, 1991 ♂♀* UMSP; COZEM; UMSP; NRM COL; PAN; VEN H. (F.) caligata Flint, 1967 ♂ NMNH CHI H. (F.) camuriensis Johanson & Holzenthal, 2004 ♂♀* UMSP VEN H. (F.) carajas Gama Neto, Ribeiro & Passos, 2019 ♂ MPEG BRA H. (F.) catoles Souza, Gomes & Calor, 2017 ♂♀* MZUSP; UFBA; UFRJ BRA H. (F.) centrocubana Botosaneanu & Flint, 1991 ♂L ZMUA CUB H. (F.) chilensis Flint, 1983 ♂♀* NMNH CHI H. (F.) chiriquensis Johanson & Malm, 2006 ♂♀* NMNH; UMSP; INBIO CRI; PAN H. (F.) cipoensis Johanson & Malm, 2006 ♂ NMNH BRA H. (F.) circulata Johanson & Holzenthal, 2004 ♂ UMSP VEN H. (F.) cochleara Johanson, 1999 ♂ NMNH ECU H. (F.) colombiensis von Siebold, 1856 C – COL; VEN H. (F.) comosa Kingsolver, 1964 ♂♀ INHS; ZMUA; NMNH; MCZ CUB H. (F.) cotopaxi Botosaneanu & Flint, 1982 ♂♀*L*P*C USNM; ZMUA ECU (Continued)