Addressing biodiversity knowledge shortfalls in New World Helicopsychidae (Insecta, Trichoptera): Potential distribution, environmental gradients, and identification of conservation and research priority areas

PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327580 July 28, 2025 21 / 22 20. de Moor FC, Ivanov VD. Global diversity of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia. 2007;595(1):393–407. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10750-007-9113-2 21. Thomas JA, Frandsen PB, Prendini E, Zhou X, Holzenthal RW. A multigene phylogeny and timeline for Trichoptera (Insecta). Syst Entomol. 2020;45(3):670–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12422 22. Thomas JA, Frandsen PB, Morse JC. Revised chronology of Trichoptera evolution. Contribut Entomol. 2023;73(2):289–94. https://doi.org/10.3897/ contrib.entomol.73.e110405 23. Ríos-Touma B, Holzenthal RW, Huisman J, Thomson R, Rázuri-Gonzales E. Diversity and distribution of the Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of Ecuador. PeerJ. 2017;5:e2851. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2851 PMID: 28097062 24. Santos APM, Dumas LL, Henriques-Oliveira AL, Souza WRM, Camargos LM, Calor AR, et al. Taxonomic Catalog of the Brazilian Fauna: order Trichoptera (Insecta), diversity and distribution. Zoologia. 2020;37:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e46392 25. Ríos-Touma B, Cuesta F, Rázuri-Gonzales E, Holzenthal R, Tapia A, Calderón-Loor M. Elevational biodiversity gradients in the Neotropics: Per- spectives from freshwater caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera). PLoS One. 2022;17(8):e0272229. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272229 PMID: 35930543 26. Razo-González M, Novelo-Gutiérrez R, Castaño-Meneses G, Márquez J. Diversity and composition of Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) along an

elevation gradient in southeastern Mexico. Diversity. 2023;15(1):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15010110 27. Harvey BJ. Emergent hotspots of biotic disturbances and their consequences for forest resilience. Front Ecol Environ. 2023;21(8):388–96. 28. Kusch J. Interacting influences of climate factors and land cover types on the distribution of caddisflies (Trichoptera) in streams of a central Euro- pean low mountain range. Insect Conserv Diversity. 2014;8(1):92–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12088 29. Sánchez-Bayo F, Wyckhuys KAG. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: a review of its drivers. Biol Conserv. 2019;232:8–27. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020 30. Johanson KA. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the family Helicopsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera). Entomol Scandinav Suppl. 1998;53:1–172. 31. Morse JC. Trichoptera World Checklist. 2024 [cited 24 Sep 2024]. http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/index.htm 32. Pereira R, Calor AR. Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) Johanson, 1998 (Trichoptera) from Northeastern Mata Atlântica Freshwater ecoregion: integrating taxonomy and niche modeling. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2024;96(1):e20230369. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202420230369 PMID: 38808813 33. Holzenthal RW, Calor AR. Catalog of the neotropical Trichoptera (Caddisflies). Zookeys. 2017;(654):1–566. https://doi.org/10.3897/zook- eys.654.9516 PMID: 28331396 34. Holzenthal RW, Thomson RE, Ríos-Touma B. Order Trichoptera. In: Thorp JH, Covich AP, editors. Thorp and Covich’s Freshwater Invertebrates.

Academic Press; 2015. pp. 965–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-385026-3.00038-3 35. Johanson KA. Zoogeography and diversity of the snail case caddisflies (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae). In: Holzenthal RW, Flint OS, editors. Pro- ceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Trichoptera. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Biological Survey; 1997. pp. 205–12. 36. Calor AR, Pereira R, Queiroz LL, Vilarino A, de Azevedo Junior CCD, Queiroz A, et al. LEAq – Laboratório de Entomologia Aquática “Prof. Clau- dio Gilberto Froehlich” and the task of facing the biodiversity knowledge deficits on Caddisflies (Trichoptera), Bahia, Brazil. Rev Bras entomol. 2023;67(spe). https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-rbent-2023-0065 37. Dumas LL, Nessimian JL. New species of Helicopsyche von Siebold 1856 (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) from Brazil, including the redescription of Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) planorboides Machado 1957. Zootaxa. 2019;4619(2). https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4619.2.2 PMID: 31716301 38. Neto JDLG, Ribeiro JMF, Passos MAB. Two new species of Helicopsyche Siebold 1856 (Insecta: Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) from Pará State, northern Brazil. Zootaxa. 2019;4565(3). https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4565.3.8 PMID: 31716468 39. Cavalcante-Silva A, Pereira R, Calor AR. Caddisflies (Trichoptera) checklist and a new species of Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856, from the Brejo de Altitude de Triunfo, a relict rainforest within the Caatinga domain, Northeast Brazil. Zookeys. 2022;1111:215–44. https://doi.org/10.3897/zook- eys.1111.77541 PMID: 36760847

40. Moreno L, Desidério GR, Pes AM, Hamada N. Two New Species of Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) Johanson (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) from Central Amazon, Brazil. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 2023;73(1). https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541anz2023.73.1.003 41. Johanson KA. Revision of the Neotropical caddisfly subgenus Helicopsyche (Cochliopsyche) (Trichoptera, Helicopsychidae), with descriptions of twelve new species. Insect Syst Evol. 2003;34(4):381–414. https://doi.org/10.1163/187631203x00036 42. de Souza WRM, Lima LRC, Pes AMO, Pinheiro U. Trichoptera (Insecta) from Pernambuco State, northeastern Brazil. J Nat History. 2013;47(45– 46):2905–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.791948 43. Desiderio GR, Santana V, Pereira ES, Pes AM, Hamada N. On the Identity of Smicridea (Smicridea) aequalis Banks, 1920 (Trichoptera: Hydro- psychidae): morphology of adults and immature stages, bionomics, distribution, and male color dimorphism. Neotrop Entomol. 2021;50(3):430–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-021-00860-8 PMID: 33740226 44. Razo-González M, Novelo-Gutiérrez R, Castaño-Meneses G, Márquez J. Checklist of the caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) from Oaxaca, Mexico. Rev Mex Biodiv. 2023;94:e945275. https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2023.94.5275 45. Johanson KA. Systematic revision of American Helicopsyche of subgenus Feropsyche (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae). Insect Syst Evol. 2002;60:1–151.