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Effects of future climate on coral-coral competition

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Author Contributions Conceptualization: Nicole K. Johnston, Justin E. Campbell, Valerie J. Paul, Mark E. Hay. Data curation: Nicole K. Johnston, Justin E. Campbell. Formal analysis: Nicole K. Johnston. Investigation: Nicole K. Johnston. Methodology: Nicole K. Johnston, Justin E. Campbell, Valerie J. Paul, Mark E. Hay. Resources: Valerie J. Paul. Supervision: Justin E. Campbell, Valerie J. Paul, Mark E. Hay. Visualization: Nicole K. Johnston. Writing – original draft: Nicole K. Johnston. Writing – review & editing: Justin E. Campbell, Valerie J. Paul, Mark E. Hay. References 1. Reaka-Kudla M. The global biodiversity of coral reefs: a comparison with rain forests. In: Reaka-Kudla ML WDW EO, editor. Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources. Wash- ington D.C.: Joseph Henry Press; 1997. 2. Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silliman BR. The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecol Monogr. 2011; 81(2):169–93. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1510.1 3. Hoegh-Guldberg O, Mumby PJ, Hooten AJ, Steneck RS, Greenfield P, Gomez E, et al. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science. 2007; 318(5857):1737–42. https://doi.org/ 10.1126/science.1152509 PMID: 18079392 4. Hughes TP, Barnes ML, Bellwood DR, Cinner JE, Cumming GS, Jackson JBC, et al. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature. 2017; 546(7656):82–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22901 PMID: 28569801 5. Hughes TP, Graham NAJ, Jackson JBC, Mumby PJ, Steneck RS. Rising to the challenge of sustaining

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coral reef resilience. Trends Ecol Evol. 2010; 25(11):633–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.07.011 PMID: 20800316 6. Bruno JF, Selig ER, Casey KS, Page CA, Willis BL, Harvell CD, et al. Thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks. Plos Biol. 2007; 5(6):1220–7. ARTN e124. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pbio.0050124 PMID: 17488183 7. Jackson J DM, Cramer KL, Lam VV. Status and Trends of Caribbean Coral Reefs: 1970–2012. Gland: IUCN, 2014. 8. Caldeira K, Wickett ME. Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean. J Geophys Res-Oceans. 2005; 110(C09S04). https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2004jc002671 9. Collins MKR AJ, Dufresne JL, Fichefet T, and others. Long-term climate change: projections, commit- ments, and irreversibility in climate change: the physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: 2013. 10. Hughes TP, Anderson KD, Connolly SR, Heron SF, Kerry JT, Lough JM, et al. Spatial and temporal pat- terns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science. 2018; 359(6371):80–83. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.aan8048 PMID: 29302011 11. Doney SC, Fabry VJ, Feely RA, Kleypas JA. Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem. Annu Rev Mar Sci. 2009; 1:169–92. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834 PMID: 21141034 12. Pandolfi JM, Connolly SR, Marshall DJ, Cohen AL. Projecting Coral Reef Futures Under Global Warm-

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ing and Ocean Acidification. Science. 2011; 333(6041):418–22. https://doi.org/10.1126/science. 1204794 PMID: 21778392 13. De’ath G, Fabricius KE, Sweatman H, Puotinen M. The 27-year decline of coral cover on the Great Bar- rier Reef and its causes. P Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109(44):17995–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 1208909109 PMID: 23027961 PLOS ONE Climate change alters coral-coral competition PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235465 August 13, 2020 13 / 16