Demographic and genetic structure of a severely fragmented population of the endangered hog deer (Axis porcinus) in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot

rapid economic development and changing consumption patterns, which has put the natural ecosystems of the hotspot under immense anthropogenic pressure. KLNP is a small area within this hotspot that is under tremendous anthropogenic pressure. The hog deer population in the park is facing conservation issues such as poaching, predation and competition with domestic livestock for grazing. Furthermore, the hog deer population is threatened by the peri- odic shrinkage of habitat due to floods, habitat degradation and a lack of connectivity with other viable habitats in the landscape. The hog deer is typically shy, nocturnal in habit [53] and highly sensitive to human distur- bances [54]. The declines in its population are attributed to large-scale transformations in the native range, mainly due to agricultural developments [1]. Considering the increasing anthro- pogenic pressures in KLNP, the long-term viability of this small population of hog deer seems uncertain. Moreover, the extent of only 40 km2 of KLNP dominated by floating meadows and open waters [6, 19], appears to be insufficient to support population expansion. This necessi- tates conservation and management efforts towards securing a viable population of hog deer in KLNP. Table 3. Details of microsatellite loci tested on wild population of Axis porcinus at Keibul Lamjao National Park, India (a total of 27 individual samples were used in this study). Name of locus Repeat type Size range Ta† NA† Ho/He† HWE/LD† PIC† PID ID (Sibs)† Fixation Index (F) Reference

Ca18� Di 194–212 52 5 0.63/0.73 Yes/No 0.675 0.421 0.123 Gaur et al. 2003 [43] T507� Tetra 174–186 58 3 0.44/0.65 Yes/No 0.568 0.479 0.308 Jones et al. 2002 [44] ILSTS005� Di 180–182 50 2 0.577/0.49 Yes/No 0.366 0.605 -0.198 Zhang et al. 2005 [45] BM4208� Di 162–164 54 2 0.370/0.475 Yes/No 0.358 0.615 0.206 Say et al 2005 [46] T123� Tetra 148–152 58 2 0.259/0.23 Yes/No 0.2 0.793 -0.149 Jones et al. 2002 [44] T108� Tetra 128–154 58 2 0.556/0.51 Yes/No 0.375 0.593 -0.111 Jones et al. 2002 [44] Ca42� Di 164–178 60 2 0.407/0.44 Yes/No 0.338 0.638 0.056 Gaur et al. 2003 [43] OarFCB193� Di 100–126 54 2 0.26/0.33 Yes/No 0.272 0.715 0.201 DeYoung et al 2003 [47] Cervid1� Di 144–168 54 4 0.56/0.71 Yes/No 0.642 0.437 0.204 DeYoung et al 2003 [47] BM6506� Di 198–200 54 2 0.37/0.45 Yes/No 0.346 0.629 0.167 Anderson et al 2002 [48] RT27� Di 130–144 56 2 0.33/0.41 Yes/No 0.321 0.659 0.169 Poetsch et al. 2001 [49] CelJP27 Di 154–164 59 4 0.519/0.72 Yes/No 0.647 0.434 0.264 Coulson et al 1998 [50] MAF70 Di 124–128 50 3 0.44/0.64 Yes/No 0.559 0.486 0.296 Zhang et al. 2005 [45] RT6 Di 98–104 50 3 0.407/0.6 Yes/No 0.526 0.512 0.312 Poetsch et al. 2001 [49] BM4107 Di 152–190 50 3 0.33/0.51 Yes/No 0.449 0.575 0.333 Zhang et al. 2005 [45] T193 Tetra 176–186 59 3 0.407/0.53 Yes/No 0.443 0.566 0.219 Jones et al. 2002 [44] RT1 Di 206–208 54 2 0.26/0.23 Yes/No 0.2 0.793 -0.149 Poetsch et al. 2001 [49]

T156 Tetra 128–130 59 2 0.35/0.45 Yes/No 0.343 0.632 0.213 Jones et al. 2002 [44] CSSM16 Di 164–166 55 2 0.407/0.33 Yes/No 0.272 0.715 -0.256 Zhang et al. 2005 [45] INRA011 Di 212–220 54 3 0.444/0.56 Yes/No 0.449 0.55 0.193 DeYoung et al 2003 [47] D-F/R Di 154–190 54 3 0.5/0.68 Yes/No 0.588 0.466 0.245 Anderson et al 2002 [48] INRABERN185 Di 102–114 52 4 0.41/0.66 Yes/No 0.675 0.473 0.373 Zhang et al. 2005 [45] NVHRT48 Di 102–106 52 2 0.37/0.43 Yes/No 0.33 0.648 0.112 Poetsch et al. 2001 [49] 2.70 ± 0.18 0.42 ±0.02 /0.51 ± 0.03 0.43 ± 0.03 0.58 ± 0.02 0.136 ±0.038 �Loci required for unambiguous individual identification. †Ho, observed heterozygosity; He, expected heterozygosity; PIC, polymorphic information content; HWE, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; PID, probability of identity, the probability that two different individuals will share the same multilocus genotype at a given number of loci; PIDID(Sibs), the probability that a pair of siblings will share the same genotype; Ta, annealing temperature; NA, number of alleles; LD, linkage disequilibrium. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210382.t003 Demographic and genetic structure of hog deer in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210382 February 6, 2020 10 / 16