Biodiversity and disease risk in an algal biofuel system: An experimental test in outdoor ponds using a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design

9. Beyter D, Tang P-Z, Becker S, Hoang T, Bilgin D, Lim YW, et al. Diversity, Productivity, and Stability of an Industrial Microbial Ecosystem. APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOL. 2016; 82(8):2494. https://doi.org/10. 1128/AEM.03965-15 PMID: 26896141 10. Shurin JB, Abbott RL, Deal MS, Kwan GT, Litchman E, McBride RC, et al. Industrial-strength ecology: trade-offs and opportunities in algal biofuel production. ECOL LETT. 2013; 16(11):1393–404. https:// doi.org/10.1111/ele.12176 PMID: 24015819 11. Nalley JO, Stockenreiter M, Litchman E. Community Ecology of Algal Biofuels: Complementarity and Trait-Based Approaches. Industrial Biotechnology. 2014; 10(3):191–201. https://doi.org/10.1089/ind. 2013.0038 12. Godwin CM, Lashaway AR, Hietala DC, Savage PE, Cardinale BJ. Biodiversity improves the ecological design of sustainable biofuel systems. GCB Bioenergy. 2018; 10(10):752–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/ gcbb.12524 13. Mandal S, Shurin JB, Efroymson RA, Mathews TJ. Heterogeneity in Nitrogen Sources Enhances Pro- ductivity and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Algal Polycultures. Environmental Science & Technology. 2018; 52(6):3769–76. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05318 PMID: 29466661 14. Shurin JB, Mandal S, Abbott RL. Trait diversity enhances yield in algal biofuel assemblages. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2014; 51(3):603–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12242 15. Stockenreiter M, Graber A-K, Haupt F, Stibor H. The effect of species diversity on lipid production by micro-algal communities. J Appl Phycol. 2012; 24(1):45–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-010-9644-1

16. Narwani A, Lashaway AR, Hietala DC, Savage PE, Cardinale BJ. Power of Plankton: Effects of Algal Biodiversity on Biocrude Production and Stability. Environmental Science and Technology. 2016; 50 (23):13142–50. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03256 PMID: 27934263 17. Godwin CM, Hietala DC, Lashaway AR, Narwani A, Savage PE, Cardinale BJ. Ecological Stoichiometry Meets Ecological Engineering: Using Polycultures to Enhance the Multifunctionality of Algal Biocrude Systems. Environmental Science & Technology. 2017; 51(19):11450–8. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs. est.7b02137 PMID: 28825799 18. Stockenreiter M, Haupt F, Seppa¨la¨ J, Tamminen T, Spilling K. Nutrient uptake and lipid yield in diverse microalgal communities grown in wastewater. Algal Research. 2016; 15:77–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.algal.2016.02.013. 19. Day JG, Slocombe SP, Stanley MS. Overcoming biological constraints to enable the exploitation of microalgae for biofuels. BIORESOURCE TECHNOL. 2012; 109:245–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biortech.2011.05.033 PMID: 21680178 20. Hannon M, Gimpel J, Tran M, Rasala B, Mayfield S. Biofuels from algae: challenges and potential. Bio- fuels. 2010; 1(5):763–84. https://doi.org/10.4155/bfs.10.44 PMID: 21833344. 21. Shahid A, Malik S, Alam MA, Nahid N, Mehmood MA. The Culture Technology for Freshwater and Marine Microalgae. In: Alam MA, Wang Z, editors. Microalgae Biotechnology for Development of Biofuel and Wastewater Treatment. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2019. p. 21–44.

22. Letcher PM, Lopez S, Schmieder R, Lee PA, Behnke C, Powell MJ, et al. Characterization of Amoeboa- phelidium protococcarum, an Algal Parasite New to the Cryptomycota Isolated from an Outdoor Algal Pond Used for the Production of Biofuel. PLOS ONE. 2013; 8(2):e56232. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0056232 PMID: 23437098 23. Letcher PM, Powell MJ, Lopez S, Lee PA, McBride RC. A new isolate of Amoeboaphelidium protococ- carum, and Amoeboaphelidium occidentale, a new species in phylum Aphelida (Opisthosporidia). Mycologia. 2015; 107(3):522–31. https://doi.org/10.3852/14-064 PMID: 25661716 24. Fott B. Phlyctidium scenedesmi spec. nova, a new chytrid destroying mass cultures of algae. Zeitschrift fu¨ r allgemeine Mikrobiologie. 1967; 7(2):97–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.3630070203 PMID: 5599611 25. Woo JH, Kamei Y. Antifungal mechanism of an anti-Pythium protein (SAP) from the marine bacterium Streptomyces sp. strain AP77 is specific for Pythium porphyrae, a causative agent of red rot disease in Porphyra spp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2003; 62(4):407–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-003- 1235-5 PMID: 12764553 26. McMahon TA, Halstead NT, Johnson S, Raffel TR, Romansic JM, Crumrine PW, et al. Fungicide- induced declines of freshwater biodiversity modify ecosystem functions and services. ECOL LETT. 2012; 15(7):714–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01790.x PMID: 22587750 27. Singh S, Singh N, Kumar V, Datta S, Wani AB, Singh D, et al. Toxicity, monitoring and biodegradation

of the fungicide carbendazim. Environ Chem Lett. 2016; 14(3):317–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311- 016-0566-2 PLOS ONE Biodiversity, biofuel and disease: Ecological engineering in algal feedstocks PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267674 April 28, 2022 14 / 15