Urban forest biodiversity and cardiovascular disease: Potential health benefits from California’s street trees

7. Dalton AM, and Jones AP. Residential neighbourhood greenspace is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE 2020; 15(1) e0226524. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0226524 PMID: 31899764 8. Grinde B, Patil GG. Biophilia: Does Visual Contact with Nature Impact on Health and Well-Being? Inter- national Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2009; 6 332–2343. https://doi.org/10. 3390/ijerph6092332 PMID: 19826546 9. Schmidt KA, Ostfeld RS. Biodiversity and the Dilution Efffect in Disease Ecology. Ecology (Durham) 2001; Vol. 82 (3) 609. 10. Kuo M. How Might Contact with Nature Promote Human Health? Promising Mechanisms and a Possi- ble Central Pathway. Frontiers in Psycholgy 2015; 6 1093. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01093 PMID: 26379564 11. von Hertzen L, Hanski I, and Haahtela T. Natural immunity: biodiversity loss and inflammatory diseases are two global megatrends that might be related. EMBO Reports 2011; 12 1089–93. https://doi.org/10. 1038/embor.2011.195 PMID: 21979814 12. Rook GA. Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013 Nov 12; 110 (46):18360–7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313731110 PMID: 24154724 13. Belkaid Y, and Hand TW., Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell 2015; 157(1) 121– 141. 14. Rajama¨ ki K, Lappalainen J, O¨ o¨ rni K, Va¨lima¨ ki E, Matikainen S, Kovanen PT, et al. Cholesterol Crystals

Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Human Macrophages: A Novel Link between Cholesterol Metab- olism and Inflammation. PloS One 2010; 5(7) e11765. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011765 PMID: 20668705 15. Muller RN, Bornstein C. Maintaining the Diversity of California’s Municipal Forests. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 2010; 36(1) 18–27. 16. Aerts R, Honnay O, Nieuwenhuyse AV. Biodiversity and human health: mechanisms and evidence of the positive health effects of diversity in nature and green spaces. British Medical Bulletin. 2018; 127(1) 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldy021 PMID: 30007287 17. Donovan GH, Butry DT, Michael YL, Prestemon JP, Liebhold AM, Gatziolis D, et al. The Relationship between Trees and Human Health: Evidence from the Spread of the Emerald Ash Borer. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013; 44.2 139–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.066 PMID: 23332329 18. Donovan GH, Michael YL, Gatziolis D, Prestemon JP, Witsel EA. Is tree loss associated with cardiovas- cular disease risk in the Women’s Health Initative? A natural experiment. Health & Place. 2015; 36 1–7. 19. Pereira G, Foster S, Martin K, Christian H, Boruff BJ, Knuiman M. The association between neighbor- hood greenness and cardiovascular disease: an observational study. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-466 PMID: 22720780 20. Tsao TM, Tsai MJ, Wang YN, Lin HL, Wu CF, Hwang JS. The Health Effects of a Forest Environment on Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.

0103231 PMID: 25068265 21. Wilker EH, Wu CD, McNeely E, Mostofsky E, Spengler J, Wellenius GA, et al. Green space and mortal- ity following ischemic stroke. Environmental Research. 2014; 133 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. envres.2014.05.005 PMID: 24906067 22. Villeneuve PJ, Jerrett M, Su JG, Burnett RT, Chen H, Wheeler AJ, et al. A cohort study relating urban green space with mortality in Ontario, Canada. Environmental Research. 2012; 115 51–58. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.003 PMID: 22483437 23. Bach JF. The effects of infection on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. The New England Journal of Medicine 2002; 347 911–20. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra020100 PMID: 12239261 24. von Hertzen L, Beutler B, Bienenstock J, Blaser M, Cani PD, Eriksson J, et al. Helsinki alert of biodiver- sity and health. Annals of Internal Medicine 2015; 47 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2015. 1010226 PMID: 25904094 25. Rook GAW, Raison CL, and Lowry CA. Microbial ‘old friends’, immunoregulation and socioeconomic status. Clinical Experimental Immunology 177 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12269 PMID: 24401109 26. Haahtela T, Holgate S, Pawankar R, Akdis CA, Benjaponpitak S, Carabalo L, et al. The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: World Allergy Organization position statement World Allergy Organiza- tion 2013;6 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1939-4551-6-3 PMID: 23663440 PLOS ONE Biodiversity and cardiovascular disease PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254973 November 3, 2021 20 / 23