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Urban forest biodiversity and cardiovascular disease: Potential health benefits from California’s street trees

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Acknowledgments We would like to thank Cindy Blain (Executive Director of California ReLeaf), Nancy J. Hughes (Executive Director of California Urban Forests Council), and Rachel Malarich (City Forest Officer of City of Los Angeles) for helpful discussions regarding the costs and challenges of planting urban trees in California. We would also like to thank Michael Huggins and Viet Nguyen for help with the urban for- est characteristics data. Finally, we would like to thank the private tree companies who shared their data with us and made this analysis possible. Author Contributions Conceptualization: John J. Giacinto, Jacqueline Doremus. Data curation: John J. Giacinto, G. Andrew Fricker. Formal analysis: John J. Giacinto, Jacqueline Doremus. Funding acquisition: Matthew Ritter, Jenn Yost. Investigation: John J. Giacinto, Jacqueline Doremus. Methodology: John J. Giacinto, Jacqueline Doremus. Project administration: Jenn Yost, Jacqueline Doremus. Resources: G. Andrew Fricker, Matthew Ritter, Jenn Yost. Software: G. Andrew Fricker. Supervision: Matthew Ritter, Jenn Yost, Jacqueline Doremus. Validation: John J. Giacinto, Jacqueline Doremus. Visualization: John J. Giacinto, G. Andrew Fricker, Jacqueline Doremus. Writing – original draft: John J. Giacinto, Jacqueline Doremus. Writing – review & editing: John J. Giacinto, Jacqueline Doremus. References 1. Center for Disease Control (CDC). Vital Signs: Avoidable Deaths From Heart Disease, Stroke, and Hypertensive Disease–United States 2001–2010. 2013 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/ mmwrhtml/mm6235a4.htm?s_cid=mm6235a4_w.

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2. Center for Disease Control (CDC). CDC Estimates Preventable Deaths from 5 Leading Causes. 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p1117-preventable-deaths.html. 3. World Health Organization (WHO). Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Guidelines for Assessment and Management of Cardiovascular Risk. 2007 https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/ guidelines/Full%20text.pdf. 4. Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, Chamberlain AM, Chang AR, Cheng S, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018; 137 e67–e492. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558 PMID: 29386200 5. Ulmer JM, Wolf KL, Backman DR, Tretheway RL, Blain C, O’neil-Dunne JP, et al. Multiple Health Bene- fits of Urban Tree Canopy: The Mounting Evidence for a Green Prescription. Health and Place 2016; 42 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.08.011 PMID: 27639106 6. Tsunetsugu Y, Park BJ, Hideki Ishii, Hirano H, Kagawa T, Miyazaki Y. Physiological effects of Shinrin- yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest) in an old-growth broadleaf forest in Yamagata Prefecture. Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2007; 26(2):135–42. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.26.135 PMID: 17435356 PLOS ONE Biodiversity and cardiovascular disease PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254973 November 3, 2021 19 / 23