Urban forest biodiversity and cardiovascular disease: Potential health benefits from California’s street trees

Table 2. Urban forest diversity and mortality. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Heart Disease Heart Disease Heart Disease (interacted) Stroke Stroke Stroke (interacted) Shannon Index -33.54�� -12.04� (11.04) (4.945) Shannon II -34.74� -11.63 -14.62 -8.008 (14.74) (12.46) (10.58) (9.540) Shannon III -49.30�� -27.90� -17.76 -19.68� (15.84) (13.03) (10.15) (9.573) Shannon IV -54.55�� -88.24�� -21.61� -35.65�� (16.18) (26.03) (9.875) (10.86) Trees per 100K pop 148.0 147.7 256.3 49.26 48.15 2.601 (83.33) (82.73) (239.2) (29.97) (29.84) (17.62) Constant 238.1��� 180.8��� 179.1��� 75.88��� 56.88��� 60.92��� (26.73) (11.82) (10.91) (13.78) (8.395) (8.027) Observations 7,713 7,713 7,713 2,169 2,169 2,169 R-squared 0.178 0.177 0.229 0.275 0.270 0.363 Notes: Linear regressions for mortality per 100,000 persons within 55 3-digit zip code tabulation areas for heart disease and 42 for stroke, 2010–2018. Columns one and four measure urban forest diversity using the calculated Shannon index of street tree genus diversity. Columns two and five measure urban forest diversity using quantiles for the Shannon index where the lowest quartile is the omitted category. Columns three and six interact quartiles with Trees per 100K (interactions not reported). The regression includes year and 3-digit zip-code fixed effects, standard errors are clustered by 3-digit zip-code and reported in parentheses ��� p<0.001 �� p<0.01 � p<0.05. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254973.t002 Table 3. Sensitivity of estimates.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Main Species No zip3 FE Trim 1K Pop Weighted Control I Control II SAR (2018) Panel A: Heart Disease Mortality Rate Coeff -33.54�� -30.69�� -37.17�� -11.41 -19.01� -39.07� -37.65� -39.2��� SE (11.04) (9.905) (11.11) (22.06) (9.422) (15.07) (14.47) (4.644) N 7,713 7,713 7,713 5,301 7,713 4,959 4,959 857 R2 0.178 0.182 0.084 0.120 0.147 0.242 0.244 - Panel B: Stroke Mortality Rate Coeff -12.04� -10.51� -10.42� 2.790 -8.488� -13.96� -12.07� -13.1��� SE (4.945) (4.505) (4.672) (10.58) (3.539) (5.888) (5.272) (2.860) N 2,169 2,169 2,169 1,620 2,169 1,449 1,449 241 R2 0.275 0.274 0.147 0.185 0.247 0.424 0.436 - Notes: Variations of linear regressions for mortality rate at the zip code-year level, measured in deaths per 100,000 individuals. Values reported are the coefficient on the relationship between the selected diversity measure and mortality rate, the corresponding standard error, and the number of observations used within the regression. All regressions except column three include 3-digit zip-code fixed effects. All regressions except column eight cluster standard errors by 3-digit zip-code. All regressions include year fixed effects. ��� p<0.001 �� p<0.01 � p<0.05. ��� p<0.001, �� p<0.01, � p<0.05. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254973.t003 PLOS ONE Biodiversity and cardiovascular disease PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254973 November 3, 2021 11 / 23