The interplay between climate change and ageing: A systematic review of health indicators

Table 1. (Continued) Authors, Year Study Design Country (Data Collection Years) Climate Change Phenomenon Health Outcome Indicators Morbidity Mortality Petkova et al., 2021 [45] Ecological study Bulgaria (2000–2017) Non-optimum T (25-day lag) All-cause mortality NA 12.3% (95% CI: 7.3–16.8) of deaths due to non-optimum T. T-attributable mortality was from moderate cold (10.9%; 95% CI: 5.8–15.6), moderate heat (1.1%; 0.5–1.6), extreme cold (0.6%; 0.4–0.7) and extreme heat (0.3%; 0.1–0.4). Qiu, et al., 2022 [46] Case-crossover study USA (2000– 2016) Increased T Acute psychiatric hospitalizations (depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder) Each 5˚C increase in short-term exposure to cold season T increased the relative risk of hospitalization by 3.66% (95% CI: 3.06–4.26) for depression, 3.03% (2.04–4.02) for schizophrenia and 3.52% (2.38– 4.68) for bipolar disorder. NA Sagy et al., 2016 [47] Retrospective cohort study Israel (2006– 2011) High daily T Renal function impairment (in patients who taking anti- hypertensive medication) A daily increment of 5˚C was associated with creatinine increase (reflecting the change in renal function) among patients in the non-treatment group (baseline creatinine adjusted 0.824 mg/dL, % change 1.212, % change 95% CI: 0.082–2.354) and in the group treated with anti-hypertensive medication (baseline adjusted 1.032 mg/dL, % change 3.440, % change 95% CI: 1.227–5.700) Association of AKI risk and 5˚C increment in patients taking anti-hypertensive medication NA Shi et al., 2016 [48] Ecological study USA (2000– 2013) Seasonal mean T

and variability All-cause mortality NA A 1˚C increase in summer and winter mean T corresponded to an increase of 2.46% (95% CI: 2.33–2.59) and 1.46% (1.42–1.50) in the death rate, respectively. 1˚C increase in T variability yielded 3.71% (95% CI: 3.21– 4.22) and 0.59% (0.37–0.81) increases in annual deaths in summer and winter, respectively. Sun et al., 2018 [49] Prospective cohort study China (1998– 2010) Intraseasonal T variability Respiratory disease hospitalizations (total respiratory diseases, pneumonia, and COPD) The HR was 1.20 (95% CI 1.08– 1.32) for total incident respiratory diseases, 1.15 (1.01– 1.31) for pneumonia and 1.41 (1.15–1.71) for COPD per 1˚C change in wintertime T variability. NA Tenı´as et al., 2015 [50] Case-crossover study Spain (2000– 2008) Strong winds Hospital admission for hip fracture Increased risk of hip fracture incidence associated with days with more frequent and/or high- speed winds by 23.3% (95% CI 7.7–41.1) in the Mediterranean climate NA (Continued) PLOS ONE Climate change, ageing and health PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297116 April 24, 2024 8 / 17