Optimizing learning outcomes in physical education: A comprehensive systematic review of hybrid pedagogical models integrated with the Sport Education Model

Table 1. Data extraction included in the study. Sources Purpose Sample Characteristics Hybrid Length of Unit /Content Data Collection Study Design & Analysis Learning Outcomes Arau´jo et al. (2016) [37] Portugal Analyzing students’ improvements in game performance during a hybrid SEM-SGA approach 17 grade 7 students, consisting of 7 girls and 10 boys, with an average age of 11.8 years SEM— SGA 25 lessons volleyball Video Observation, Game Performance Assessment Tool (GPAI) Quantitative: analysis of variance (ANOVA) Motor, cognitive Arau´jo et al. (2017) [38] Portugal Examining the impact on student coaches’ pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) 21 students (11 males and 10 females); mean age 12.0 SEM— SGA 20–25 lessons volleyball Video observation, field notes, interviews Qualitative: thematic analysis method Cognitive Arau´jo et al. (2019) [39] Portugal Analysis of student competition performance in three SEM-SGA seasons 18 grade 7 students (8 female and 10 male) 11–13 years old SEM— SGA 20–25 lessons volleyball Video observation, the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) Quantitative: hierarchical linear model Motor Arau´jo et al. (2020) [40] Portugal Investigating students’ tactical understanding 96 students (40 boys and 53 girls, aged from 16–18 years- old) SEM— SGA 24 lessons volleyball Video-based test Quantitative: Mann-Whitney test Motor, cognitive Arikan (2020) [41] Turkey Analysis of SEM-SEL on students’ emotional intelligence levels 166 students, aged from 15– 17 years- old) SEM— SEL 16 lessons volleyball The Schutte Emotional

Intelligence Scale (SEI-S) Quantitative: Covariance Analysis Social Buendı´a et al. (2021) [42] Spain To compare the sportsmanship and enjoyment between the SEM-TGFU and PSRM 85 teenagers, 39 girls, and 46 boys ages 16.42 ± 0.50 SEM— TGFU 10 lessons ultimate frisbee The SSI questionnaires adapted to Physical Education (SSI-PE); the Multidimensional Sportsmanship Orientations Scale (MSOS) Quantitative: Wilcoxon’s test Affective Evangelio et al. (2021) [29] Spain Explore students’ perceptions of the SEM-CL-HBPE three-model mix 115 grade 5–6 students (46.09% girls); 10–13 years old SEM— CL-HBPE 13 lessons an educative version of CrossFit Interviews Qualitative: thematic analysis method Social Farias et al. (2015) [43] Portugal Analyzing the impact of SEM-IGCM on students’ performance and understanding of soccer games 24 grade 5 students, comprising 16 girls and 8 boys, with a mean age of 10.3 years SEM— IGCM 17 lessons soccer The Game Performance Observation Instrument, Coding Association 6 Conference, The Game Understanding Test Mixed studies: Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon test Motor, cognitive Farias et al. (2019) [44] Portugal To examine game performance according to the tactical structures of invasion games throughout three consecutive model- based units 26 students (10 females and 16 males); mean age of 12 years and three months SEM— IGCM Basketball: 20 lessons; Handball: 12 lessons; Football: 16 lessons Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI), Video observation Quantitative: analyses of variance Motor Farias et al. (2022) [45] Portugal To explore the influence

of SEM-SGA on pre- service teachers’ professional content knowledge (SCK) and students’ play development 60 eighth-grade students (three classes: 38 boys, 22 girls, Mage = 13.3) SEM— SGA 10 lessons volleyball Using audio/ video data Quantitative: analysis of variance; Mauchly’s test; Bonferroni post hoc comparisons Motor Fernandez- Rio & Menendez (2017) [32] Spain Evaluating the perceptions of students and teachers in an educational kickboxing learning unit 71 grade 9 students, with an average age of 15.4 years and a standard deviation of 0.73 SEM— TPSR 16 lessons kickboxing Open-ended questions, Photovoice, teacher and external observers’ diaries, semi-structured interviews Qualitative: thematic analysis method Social (Continued) PLOS ONE A systematic review of hybrid pedagogical models integrated with Sport Education Model PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311957 December 4, 2024 7 / 22