Optimizing learning outcomes in physical education: A comprehensive systematic review of hybrid pedagogical models integrated with the Sport Education Model

RESEARCH ARTICLE Optimizing learning outcomes in physical education: A comprehensive systematic review of hybrid pedagogical models integrated with the Sport Education Model Junlong ZhangID1*, Kim Geok SohID1*, Xiaorong Bai2, Mohd Ashraff Mohd Anuar3, Wensheng Xiao2 1 Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia, 2 School of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China, 3 Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education, Faculty of Education Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia * gs62618@student.upm.edu.my (JZ); kims@upm.edu.my (KGS) Abstract Background There is a notable gap in systematic reviews concerning hybrid pedagogical models (PMs) integrated with the Sport Education Model (SEM) and their impact on students’ outcomes. Purpose Which hybrid PMs incorporating SEM are currently the mainstream choices in research, and what are the main factors supporting their integration? How does SEM function as a foundational model in these hybrid teaching approaches? What learning outcomes are opti- mized through the hybrid models that combine SEM with other PMs? Methods A systematic search was conducted in major databases in December 2023 following PRISMA guidelines. Out of the identified 1342 studies, 30 met the eligibility criteria, all of which were deemed to be of high quality. Results Seven hybrid types were identified, primarily composed of two PMs, among which the blend of SEM and Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) emerges as the mainstream in cur-

rent research. SEM, serving as the foundational structure, provides a stable framework for the hybrid, termed the "SEM + 1 model," yielding positive effects on enhancing students’ learning outcomes. PLOS ONE PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311957 December 4, 2024 1 / 22 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Zhang J, Geok Soh K, Bai X, Mohd Anuar MA, Xiao W (2024) Optimizing learning outcomes in physical education: A comprehensive systematic review of hybrid pedagogical models integrated with the Sport Education Model. PLoS ONE 19(12): e0311957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0311957 Editor: Musa Adekunle Ayanwale, National University of Lesotho, LESOTHO Received: May 19, 2024 Accepted: September 28, 2024 Published: December 4, 2024 Peer Review History: PLOS recognizes the benefits of transparency in the peer review process; therefore, we enable the publication of all of the content of peer review and author responses alongside final, published articles. The editorial history of this article is available here: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311957 Copyright: © 2024 Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting information files.