The climate impact and land use of cultivated meat: Evaluating agricultural feedstock production

3.4 Comparative energy demands Energy requirements of CM production are compared with traditional meat, assessing the role of solar energy in reducing environmental impacts. Energy consumption forms a significant aspect of our study, given the high energy requirements of CM production, particularly the energy needed to maintain bioreactors at a consistent temperature of 37˚C [39]. The energy Table 4. Relative nutrient supply by crops considered in linear optimization. Protein and oil plants Energy plants Nutrient yield with hydrolysis Soybean Lupine Field bean Pea Rapeseed Sun Maize Wheat Rye Triticale Barley Oats Potato Glucose from starch (Legume) 50% Glucose from starch (General) 100% Amino acid yield (General) 70% Dry matter 89.5% 88.1% 86.0% 87.2% 92.4% 92.8% 86.3% 86.9% 86.7% 86.8% 87.2% 87.6% 89.1% Grams per 100 grams of fresh mass % % % % % % % % % % % % % Nutrients Saccharides Starch 5.3 6.2 37.1 44.7 3.5 1.2 63.8 60 53.7 58.8 52.3 36.8 65.2 Sugar 7.5 6 3.5 4.2 5.4 2.5 1.7 2.6 3.1 3 2.2 1.3 4.7 Starch + Sugar 12.8 12.2 40.6 48.9 8.9 3.7 65.5 62.6 56.8 61.8 54.5 38.1 69.9 Glucose 6.40 6.10 20.30 24.45 8.90 3.70 65.50 62.60 56.80 61.80 54.50 38.10 69.90 Amino acids Essential Arginine 2.63 3.6 2.61 1.73 1.1 1.07 0.37 0.55 0.43 0.53 0.48 0.63 0.31 Cysteine 0.53 0.55 0.34 0.28 0.47 0.26 0.19 0.27 0.2 0.26 0.23 0.31 0.12 Histidine 0.98 0.73 0.68 0.51 0.47 0.37 0.22 0.25 0.18 0.24 0.23 0.2 0.14

Isoleucine 1.68 1.55 1.09 0.85 0.77 0.59 0.28 0.39 0.3 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.28 Lysine 2.24 1.63 1.72 1.48 1.15 0.6 0.23 0.32 0.34 0.39 0.37 0.4 0.41 Mehionin 0.52 0.26 0.19 0.2 0.41 0.34 0.16 0.18 0.14 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.12 Phenylalanin 1.82 1.3 1.12 0.96 0.72 0.63 0.37 0.52 0.38 0.43 0.48 0.47 0.33 Threonine 1.46 1.24 0.95 0.78 0.89 0.57 0.29 0.33 0.29 0.33 0.34 0.33 0.32 Tryptophan 0.46 0.23 0.22 0.18 0.24 0.2 0.05 0.13 0.08 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.08 Tyrosine 1.28 1.56 0.85 0.63 0.53 0.37 0.32 0.34 0.22 0.31 0.28 0.34 0.35 Valine 1.73 1.44 1.21 0.96 0.92 0.68 0.38 0.49 0.42 0.48 0.5 0.5 0.43 Non- essential Alanine 1.53 1.13 1.1 0.9 0.84 0.65 0.56 0.4 0.38 0.42 0.41 0.45 0.32 Aspartic acid 4.01 3.56 3.21 2.37 1.39 1.19 0.49 0.57 0.65 0.66 0.59 0.81 1.45 Glutamic acid 6.34 6.94 4.72 3.32 3.07 2.46 1.41 3.15 1.92 2.4 2.24 1.61 1.38 Glycine 1.55 1.33 1.15 0.9 0.92 0.85 0.29 0.45 0.38 0.44 0.4 0.48 0.28 Leucine 2.72 2.43 2.03 1.45 1.28 0.87 0.93 0.74 0.52 0.64 0.68 0.69 0.46 Proline 1.81 1.41 1.11 0.85 1.15 0.61 0.7 1.09 0.85 0.87 1.04 0.58 0.26 Serine 1.89 1.79 1.36 0.95 0.81 0.64 0.38 0.54 0.38 0.45 0.41 0.46 0.32 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316480.t004 Table 5. Yield by crops considered in linear optimization. Protein and oil plants Energy plants Soybean Lupine Field bean Pea Rapeseed Sunflower Maize Wheat Rye Triticale Barley Oats Potato

Average yield per hectarea t FM/ha 3.17 2.88 2.56 2.99 3.57 2.7 10.52 7.54 5.52 4.88 6.75 4.45 42.26 Humidity of yields % 14% 14% 14% 14% 9% 9% 14% 14% 14% 14% 14% 14% 78% Adjusted average yield per hectare t FM/ha 3.05 2.81 2.56 2.95 3.52 2.65 10.48 7.46 5.48 4.84 6.66 4.37 10.43 a LfL (2023) [82] Note: t FM/ha = tons of fresh matter per hectare. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316480.t005 PLOS ONE Evaluating agricultural feedstock for cultivated meat PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316480 January 22, 2025 12 / 27