Tree biodiversity in Bornean lowland forest: What are the key species for forest city development in the new capital city of Indonesia?

PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320489 April 8, 2025 6 / 19 PLOS ONE Tropical urban tree selection familiar with the area, the project, and the local species. Weight values were determined using the Super Decisions 2.10 program. The weight of each criterion generated from the AHP is presented in Table 2 with a consistency ratio (Cr) of 0.086 which is below the recommended maximum threshold (Cr < 0.1) [39]. The total score of each species was the sum of the eight criteria scores resulting from multiplying the weight of each criterion by the parameter scores. The list of tree species was ranked based on the total score and grouped based on the Likert scale with four categories (Priority 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th) based on quartile values. Results Diversity of tree species A total of 5,745 trees were recorded in the sample plots covering 571 (morpho)species, 238 genera and 81 families (Table 3). As many as 420 taxa were identified at the species level. The three locations with greatest tree densities were Parung-Tembinus, Samboja Research Forest and Bangkirai Hill, which had more than 500 trees ha-1. However, even though the density Table 2. Criteria weighting and scoring parameters used for the selection of tree species for rehabilitation of Ibu Kota Negara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Criterion Weight Parameter Score Description Source Conservation status 0.292 EW, CR 3 Listed in IUCN Red List: EW (Extinct in the Wild), CR (Critically Endangered), EN (Endangered), VU (Vulnerable), NT (Near Threatened), LC (Least Concern), DD (Data

Deficient), NE (Not Evaluated), - (not on the list) www. iucnredlist. org EN 2 VU 1 NT, LC, DD, NE, - 0 Endemic to Borneo 0.190 Yes 3 Endemic tree species of Borneo [3] No 0 Climax species 0.166 Yes 3 Mature tree species can occupy/form the forest canopy or emergent layer. These species belong to the Dipterocarpaceae family and are important timber species [76] No 0 Distribution 0.149 Widespread-abundant 3 The distribution of a species based on a combination of species frequency (F) and density (D) sub-scores• Frequencies are Widespread, F > 0.45 (1.73); Sporadic, F 0.22-0.45 (1.15); Clustered, F < 0.22 (0.58) • Densities are Abundant, D > 0.64 trees ha-1 (1.73); Moderate, 0.32 < D < 0.64 trees ha-1 (1.15); Rare, D < 0.32 trees ha-1 (0.58) Note: - frequency values based on each location - numbers in parentheses are the sub-scores Field data Widespread-moderate 2 Widespread-rare 1 Sporadic-abundant 2 Sporadic-moderate 1.3 Sporadic-rare 0.7 Clustered-abundant 1 Clustered-moderate 0.7 Clustered-rare 0.3 Potential as food 0.079 Yes 3 Tree species providing food sources [77,78] No 0 Potential for ethnobotani- cal uses 0.066 Yes 3 Tree species with medicinal uses, cultural benefits, and other benefits [77,79] No 0 Wildlife animal food 0.034 Yes 3 Flagship animal food sources. Especially for sun bears (Helarctos malayanus), Bucerotidae, and gibbons (Hylobates muelleri) [80–84] No 0 Fast-growing 0.025 Yes 3 Fast-growing species can form forest struc- tures relatively quickly; These species are generally found in secondary forests [43,85]

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