Tree biodiversity in Bornean lowland forest: What are the key species for forest city development in the new capital city of Indonesia?

PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0320489 April 8, 2025 15 / 19 PLOS ONE Tropical urban tree selection of natural forest plant species. There are some examples of this processes in other tropical regions, but limited guidance for restoration of Eucalyptus plantations into natural diptero- carp forest leads to a challenging opportunity. Conclusions Rehabilitation activities in the IKN area towards natural ecosystem conditions can be fulfilled by selecting and using priority tree species based on the natural habitats of these species in Bor- neo. Species selection should be further conducted according to the availability of seeds and the availability of rehabilitation areas in order to support the formation of the lowland evergreen (mixed dipterocarp) rain forest ecosystem as the original and natural ecosystem in the IKN area. This ecosystem recovery strategy requires several critical stages considering the area’s biophysical conditions and the surrounding communities’ socio-economic conditions. Choosing the right rehabilitation strategies will help achieve the goals of developing the IKN within the forest city concept and have a positive impact on the surrounding community during urban development. Supporting information S1 Data. Data IKN. (XLSX) S1 Fig. Land use/land cover map (2023) around Ibu Kota Negara Nusantara (Nusantara Capital City), East Kalimantan, Indonesia. (JPG) S1 Table. List of trees in 20.75 ha of plots in eight locations around Ibu Kota Negara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. (DOCX) Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following experts for their invalu- able contributions to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis: Prof. Raden Garsetiasih from the National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia, for her expertise in conservation and biodiversity; Dr. Henti Hendalastuti Rachmat from the National Research and Innovation Agency Indonesia, for her expertise in silviculture; Dr. Onesimus Patiung, Director of Environ- mental Management and Disaster Mitigation at the Nusantara Capital City Authority, for his expertise in environmental management; Dr. Medi Hendra from Mulawarman University, for his expertise in botany; and Dr. Sofian Iskandar from Nusa Bangsa University, for his expertise in wild animal ecology. We also acknowledge the kind support of the Management Units of Sungai Wain Protection Forest, Bangkirai Hill - PT. Inhutani I, PT ITCI Kartika Utama, and the Balai Penerapan Standar Instrumen Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (BPSI LHK) Samboja - Minis- try of Environment and Forestry, for their support in the implementation of research activities. Author contributions Conceptualization: Tri Atmoko, Bina Swasta Sitepu, Wahyu Catur Adinugroho, Mukhlisi, Tri Sayektiningsih, Titiek Setyawati, Ishak Yassir. Data curation: Tri Atmoko, Bina Swasta Sitepu, Mukhlisi, Tri Sayektiningsih. Formal analysis: Tri Atmoko, Bina Swasta Sitepu, Wahyu Catur Adinugroho, Mukhlisi, Titiek Setyawati.