Men deny more than they believe about climate change on Twitter (X)

RESEARCH ARTICLE Men deny more than they believe about climate change on Twitter (X) Mudit Kumar SinghID1,2* 1 Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America, 2 G L Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India * mks61@duke.edu, mudit.singh@glbctm.ac.in Abstract Climate change and twitter have been in scholarly and academic attention for study of human behaviour expressed on the popular social media platform. The sentiment of the tweets has been the subject of previous studies, and the most recent study used Twitter texts to examine seven aspects of climate change: denier/believer stance, sentiment, aggressiveness, temperature, gender, subjects and disasters, and their relationships. Amid the big pictures across these vital variables, we know very little about the extent to which the comparative gendered differences in views exist in the climate denier and believer groups shaping the climate change discussion. Using the large scale global twitter data from the past 13 years, this paper has examined the differences in the views of deniers and believers on climate change in comparison to the people neutral to climate change. Based on the expression on twitter, results of a sound multinomial regression model of this study indicates a globally strong climate denier stance of men. Introduction Social media plays crucial roles in this debate and contradiction. Platforms like Twitter can function as a discussion forum, a soft power tool, and a vehicle for transnational advocacy and

climate action [1]. Of all the social media networks, Twitter is a particularly great resource for disaster risk management research. Twitter was launched in October 2006 and quickly became the largest microblogging service [2]. The policymakers often use social media, and Twitter in particular, to frame the debate and to showcase particular achievements [3,4]. Twitter serves as a powerful platform for disseminating real-time information about climate change. Research- ers, activists, and organizations share updates, scientific findings, and urgent alerts related to environmental issues [5]. For instance, during natural disasters like hurricanes, wildfires, or floods, Twitter becomes a vital channel for emergency notifications, evacuation instructions, and relief efforts [6]. The immediacy of tweets allows people worldwide to stay informed and take necessary precautions. Twitter played a crucial role in spreading awareness during extreme weather events [7], emphasizing the need for climate action [8]. Twitter facilitates global dialogue on climate change. Hashtags like #ClimateAction, #Cli- mateCrisis, and #ClimateJustice trend regularly, sparking conversations among diverse PLOS ONE PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303007 February 13, 2025 1 / 9 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Singh MK (2025) Men deny more than they believe about climate change on Twitter (X). PLoS ONE 20(2): e0303007. https://doi.org/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0303007 Editor: Pierluigi Vellucci, Roma Tre University:

Universita degli Studi Roma Tre, ITALY Received: April 17, 2024 Accepted: September 12, 2024 Published: February 13, 2025 Copyright: © 2025 Mudit Kumar Singh. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: The data is available on the Kaggle data repository. The link is submitted. https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/ deffro/the-climate-change-twitter-dataset/ discussion The data is also published on the following link https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022. 117541. Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. Competing interests: It is a single author paper with no competing interest.