Anthropogenic landscape decreases mosquito biodiversity and drives malaria vector proliferation in the Amazon rainforest

Results Mosquito collection In total, 25,323 specimens of 137 species in 17 genera were collected using the HLC and Shan- non trap. Nyssorhynchus darlingi corresponded to 46.6% (11,810 specimens) of this total. Overall, the most abundant species were those in the subfamily Anophelinae, 56.4% (14,281), with Ny. darlingi comprising 82.7% (11,810) of the total Anophelinae collections in the perido- mestic habitat (Table 1). The next most abundant groups were the Mansoniini tribe, compris- ing 19.4% (4,917), Culicini 18.7% (4,743) and Aedini 3.8% (950). Mosquitoes of the Aedeomyiini, Uranotaeniini and Sabethini tribes comprised 1.2% of the total collected (S4 Fig in S1 File). Nyssorhynchus darlingi was the dominant species in all landscape structure categories in the Campinarana vegetation class. The relative abundance of Anophelinae species was high in anthropogenic vegetation class in landscape A (> 70%), but lowest (< 20%) in landscapes B and D. Anophelinae abundance was higher than 50% in all landscape categories in vegetation classes defined as OTMF, OTMFA and TMF, with the exception of landscapes C and D for TMF (< 40%). The distribution of Culicidae groups by landscape structure and vegetation class is shown in the S5 Fig in S1 File. Landscape variables The relationship between PLAND and ED (S6 Fig in S1 File) demonstrates that lower values of ED corresponded to either high or low PLAND percentages, because ED represents fragmen- tation levels in the landscape (r2 = 0.04; F1,77 = 3.2; P = 0.07). Nyssorhynchus darlingi was domi-

nant in the peridomestic habitat (S7A Fig in S1 File); conversely Culicidae diversity was highest in the forest fringe (S7B Fig in S1 File) with the highest density of an individual species being Coquillettidia venezuelensis. The distribution of Culicidae species by ED categories (Fig 3) at the forest fringe demon- strates that Ny. darlingi was dominant in landscapes with a low edge density (0–1.5 m / ha x 100), Mansonia titillans in moderate (1.5–2.0 m / ha x 100), and Cq. venezuelensis in high edge density (2.0–3.5 m / ha x 100). Results of Tukey’s multiple comparison test showed significant differences in the Shannon-index (P = 0.04) between low (mean = 1.4) and moderate (mean = 1.7) edge densities (S8 Fig in S1 File). Differences in the Shannon-index were not sta- tistically significant between other ED categories. Nyssorhunchus darlingi was dominant in all 79 peridomestic habitats sampled. Variables analysis Results of Spearman‘s analysis showed that correlation among Ny. darlingi abundance and Shannon, Simpson and Berger-Parker indices were moderate and negative (Fig 4). Culicidae community richness showed a low, nonsignificant correlation with landscape components tested. Correlation between Ny. darlingi abundance and landscape A was low but significant (r = 0.2; P < 0.05). The PCA results showed three dimensions of components for Ny. darlingi abundance varia- tion, which explained 87.1% of the total variability observed (Dim.1 = 36.2%; Dim.2 = 28.9% and Dim.3 = 22.0%) (Table 2) in the data. The first component (Dim.1) showed a significant

negative correlation between the Shannon-index and Ny. darlingi abundance (P < 0.01). The second (Dim.2) and third (Dim.3) dimensions represented the landscape variables attributed to PLAND and ED. The Dim.2 dimension showed a positive correlation between both PLAND and ED variables (P < 0.01) and Ny. darlingi abundance (r = 0.24; P = 0.03), and PLOS ONE Anthropogenic landscape and mosquito biodiversity drives malaria vector proliferation PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087 January 14, 2021 8 / 25