Anthropogenic landscape decreases mosquito biodiversity and drives malaria vector proliferation in the Amazon rainforest

Each of the 79 sampling units was centered on a house around which was subtended a circle of 1 km radius (3.1 km2). Each unit consisted of one peridomestic habitat and one forest edge habitat (Fig 2) and was separated from all other units by approximately 2.25 km [56]. There were six sampling units per locality, except for São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas state, which had seven. Fig 1. Map of Brazilian Amazonian biome (in red) in South America. A: Ko¨ppen and Geiger Climate Classification; Af–Tropical Rainforest, Am–Tropical Monsoon, As–Tropical wet and dry, Aw–Savanna, Cfa–Humid subtropical, Cwa–Subtropical-dry winter. B: Brazilian Vegetation Class (IBGE, 2012); Anthropogenic–dominance of Poaceae, Verbanaceae, Lamiaceae, Solanaceae and Asteraceae botanical families; Tropical Moist Forest–dominance of Lecythidaceae and Vochysiaceae; Tropical Moist Forest Arecaceae–dominance of Lecythidaceae, Vochysiaceae and Arecaceae; Riverine and Marine Vegetation–Arecaceae, Solanaceae, Myrtaceae and Rhizophoraceae; Campinarama–Euphorbiaceae, Arecaceae, Humiriaceae and Fabaceae; Savana–Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Amarylidaceae and Xyridaceae; Seasonal Lowland Forest–Lauraceae, Lythraceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. C: Amazonian ecoregions based on biogeography (https:// ecoregions2017.appspot.com/) [100]. D: Quarterly Totals Precipitation (mm3) of June, July and August from 1977 to 2006 (http://cprm.gov.br). Reprinted from QGIS version 2.8 without any changes, under a CC BY license, with permission from PLOS ONE, original copyright 2020.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087.g001 Fig 2. Study design scheme. Large circle (red) represents the sampling unit, and smaller circles (blue) the collection points. A: peridomestic habitat (HLC), and B: forest fringe habitat (ST). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087.g002 PLOS ONE Anthropogenic landscape and mosquito biodiversity drives malaria vector proliferation PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087 January 14, 2021 4 / 25