Anthropogenic landscape decreases mosquito biodiversity and drives malaria vector proliferation in the Amazon rainforest

Acknowledgments The authors thank Denise Cristina Sant’Ana and Caio Cesar Moreira from Entomological Ref- erence Collection of the School of Public Health of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Bra- zil for the support. Authors are in debt to all anonymous inhabitants of the rural settlements, and the staff of the Vector Malaria Control of the municipalities, who generously helped authors to contact the communities where malaria is a trap for maintaining poverty, inequal- ity, and human suffering. Without their help this study would not have been possible. Author Contributions Conceptualization: Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves, Maria Anice Mureb Sallum. Data curation: Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves. Formal analysis: Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves, Gabriel Zorello Laporta, Paula Ribeiro Prist. Investigation: Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves, Eduardo Sterlino Bergo, Gabriel Zorello Laporta. Methodology: Gabriel Zorello Laporta. Resources: Gabriel Zorello Laporta. Supervision: Maria Anice Mureb Sallum. Writing – original draft: Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves, Jan E. Conn, Maria Anice Mureb Sallum. Writing – review & editing: Leonardo Suveges Moreira Chaves, Eduardo Sterlino Bergo, Jan E. Conn, Gabriel Zorello Laporta, Paula Ribeiro Prist, Maria Anice Mureb Sallum. References 1. Patz JA, Graczyk TK, Geller N, Vittor AY. Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic dis- eases. International journal for parasitology. 2000; 30(12–13):1395–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/ s0020-7519(00)00141-7 PMID: 11113264

2. Afrane YA, Zhou G, Lawson BW, Githeko AK, Yan G. Effects of microclimatic changes caused by deforestation on the survivorship and reproductive fitness of Anopheles gambiae in western Kenya highlands. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2006; 74(5):772–8. PMID: 16687679 3. Laporta GZ, PIKL de Prado, Kraenkel RA, Coutinho RM, Sallum MAM. Biodiversity can help prevent malaria outbreaks in tropical forests. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2013; 7(3):e2139. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002139 PMID: 23556023 4. Chaves LSM, Conn JE, Lo´pez RVM, Sallum MAM. Abundance of impacted forest patches less than 5 km2 is a key driver of the incidence of malaria in Amazonian Brazil. Scientific reports. 2018; 8(1):7077. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25344-5 PMID: 29728637 5. MacDonald AJ, Mordecai EA. Amazon deforestation drives malaria transmission, and malaria burden reduces forest clearing: a retrospective study. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2019; 3:S13. 6. Johnson PT, Ostfeld RS, Keesing F. Frontiers in research on biodiversity and disease. Ecology letters. 2015; 18(10):1119–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12479 PMID: 26261049 7. Keesing F, Belden LK, Daszak P, Dobson A, Harvell CD, Holt RD, et al. Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Nature. 2010; 468(7324):647. https://doi.org/10. 1038/nature09575 PMID: 21124449 8. Ostfeld RS, Keesing F. Effects of host diversity on infectious disease. Annual review of ecology, evolu- tion, and systematics. 2012; 43:157–82.

9. Ostfeld RS, Keesing F. Biodiversity series: the function of biodiversity in the ecology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 2000; 78(12):2061–78. PLOS ONE Anthropogenic landscape and mosquito biodiversity drives malaria vector proliferation PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087 January 14, 2021 20 / 25