Anthropogenic landscape decreases mosquito biodiversity and drives malaria vector proliferation in the Amazon rainforest

(P < 0.001), and an increase in PLAND, with edge density as the random effect, led to a decrease of 533 (P = 0.003). In model 2, the effects of ED categories at the forest fringe (ran- dom effect) on Ny. darlingi abundance and the Shannon-index in (β1 = -218; P < 0.001) and PLAND (β1 = -337; P = 0.04) were significant. Results of analysis considering model 3 were similar to those obtained with model 2 (Table 3). The path model for Ny. darlingi explained 24% of the variation in abundance and 28% of the variation in the Shannon-index (Fig 5). There were strong negative effects of vegetation class OTMFA and Campinarana on the Shannon-index (-0.53 and -0.50, respectively). Anthropogenic vegetation showed moderate negative and significant reciprocal effects for Table 3. Generalized linear mixed models results of Ny. darlingi abundance in function of the fixed effects of the Shannon-index, PLAND, ED, and house-water drainage network distance, with edge density (ED) categories as the random effect. SLR Model 1 † Model 2 ‡ Model 3 § β1 Standard Error t- value P- value β1 Standard Error t- value P- value β1 Standard Error t- value P- value β1 Standard Error t- value P- value Shannon- index -224.4 68.0 -3.2 0.001 -226.8 64.9 -3.4 < 0.001 -218.8 67.6 -3.2 0.001 -218.8 67.6 -3.2 0.001 PLAND� -343.8 176.1 -1.9 0.05 -533.3 178.9 -2.9 0.003 -337.3 166.5 -2.0 0.04 -337.3 166.6 -2.0 0.04 ED�� -9321.7 7784.5 -1.2 0.2 Distance house-water drainage -0.1 0.2 -0.7 0.4 -0.1 0.2 -0.7 0.4 -0.08 0.2 -0.4 0.6 -0.08 0.2 -0.4 0.7

SLR: Simple Linear Regression; � PLAND: forest cover percentage �� ED: Edge density † Model 1: ED categories at 500 m from peridomestic as random effect ‡ Model 2: ED categories at 500 m from forest fringe habitat as random effect § Model 3: landscape structure categories (A, B, C, D) as random effect. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087.t003 Fig 5. Structural equation model diagram to describes the relationships between changes in Ny. darlingi abundance with each independent variable: Shannon-index, PLAND, ED, landscape structure categories (A: PLAND � 50% and ED < 0.015 m/ha; B: PLAND � 50% and ED � 0.015 m/ha; C: PLAND > 50% and ED � 0.015 m/ha; D: PLAND > 50% and ED < 0.015 m/ha), Amazonian vegetation class (Atp: Anthropogenic; OTMF: Open Tropical Moist Forest; OTMFA: Open Tropical Moist Forest with Arecaceae dominance; TMF: Tropical Moist Forest; Cpn: Campinarana) and DW. Dashed lines represent a reciprocal path, and solid line one direction. Red arrows (positive coefficient) and blue arrows (negative coefficient) represent the significant path coefficients (P < 0.05). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087.g005 PLOS ONE Anthropogenic landscape and mosquito biodiversity drives malaria vector proliferation PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087 January 14, 2021 15 / 25