Anthropogenic landscape decreases mosquito biodiversity and drives malaria vector proliferation in the Amazon rainforest

OTMF (P = 0.01). Results of a Kruskal-Wallis test showed that differences in Ny. darlingi abundance between the sampling unit vegetation classes were statistically significant (chi- squared = 20.7; P < 0.001) (S12 Fig in S1 File). The Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test found sta- tistically significant differences between Ny. darlingi abundance in Anthropogenic (Atp) and OTMF (P = 0.04), OTMF and Campinarana (Cpn) (P < 0.001), and between OTMF and OTMFA (P = 0.002). Campinarana and TMF showed the highest abundance averages, with 204 and 234 specimens collected, respectively. Results of analysis employing GLMM (Table 3) revealed that increased diversity measured by the Shannon-index corresponded with a decrease of 226 specimens of Ny. darlingi Fig 4. Correlation matrix among Ny. darlingi abundance, PLAND, ED, richness, DW, diversity indices (richness, Shannon, Simpson and Berger-Parker), Amazonian vegetation classes (Atp: Anthropogenic; OTMFA: Open Tropical Moist Forest with Arecaceae dominance; TMF: Tropical Moist Forest; Cpn: Campinarana), and landscape structures (A: PLAND � 50% and ED < 0.015 m/ha; B: PLAND � 50% and ED � 0.015 m/ha; C: PLAND > 50% and ED � 0.015 m/ha). PLAND: percentage of forest cover; ED: edge density; DW: distance of household from water drainage network. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087.g004 Table 2. Principal components dimensions showed in PCA. A) open land (PLAND � 50% and ED < 0.015 m/ha); B) fragmented open land (PLAND � 50% and ED > 0.015 m/ha); C) fragmented forested land (PLAND � 50% and

ED > 0.015 m/ha); and D) forest cover (PLAND > 50% and ED < 0.015 m/ha). Components Contributions Variables Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Dim.1 Dim.2 Dim.3 Shannon-index 0.84 48.2 45.0 Ny. darlingi (abundance) - 0.80 44.7 39.0 PLAND 0.74 - 0.63 46.7 ED 0.73 0.59 46.1 A - 0.79 - 1.41 B 0.34 1.09 C 0.93 D 1.06 R2 (P-value) 0.14 (0.01) 0.64 (0.00) 0.68 (0.00) Cumulative percentage of variance 36.1 65.0 87.1 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087.t002 PLOS ONE Anthropogenic landscape and mosquito biodiversity drives malaria vector proliferation PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087 January 14, 2021 14 / 25