Anthropogenic landscape decreases mosquito biodiversity and drives malaria vector proliferation in the Amazon rainforest

Dim.3, a positive correlation between ED and Ny. darlingi abundance (r = 0.29; P = 0.01), and negative for PLAND (S9 Fig in S1 File). The negative correlation in Dim.3 reinforced the rela- tionship trends between PLAND, and ED variables showed in S6 Fig in S1 File. In the forest fringe habitats, the difference in the Shannon index (mean = 1.7) calculated for fragmented forested landscape (C) and forested landscape (D) (mean = 1.2) was significant (P < 0.01). Differences between the Shannon index values calculated for fragmented open (B) and open (A) landscapes were not statistically significant (S10 Fig in S1 File). Considering the overall mosquito data from the peridomestic (HLC) plus forest fringe (ST) habitats, the results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the differences in Ny. darlingi abun- dance between fragmented forested (C), forested (D), fragmented open (B) and open (A) land- scapes were statistically significant (chi-squared = 9.9; P = 0.02). The Mann-Whitney- Wilcoxon test showed that difference in Ny. darlingi abundance found in the anthropogenic matrix (A) with low forest cover and low edge density, and the forested matrix (D) with high forest cover and low edge density, was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Nyssorhynchus dar- lingi showed higher abundance in anthropogenic matrix A (mean = 315 individuals) than in forest matrix D (mean = 62 individuals). Differences in the abundance of this species in frag- mented open B (mean = 85 individuals) and fragmented forest landscape C (mean = 133 indi-

viduals) matrixes were nonsignificant (P > 0.05) (S11 Fig in S1 File). As field collection localities were situated in areas with distinct vegetation classes (Fig 1), we tested their potential influence on Culicidae diversity and Ny. darlingi abundance using the Shannon-index. Results of a Tukey’s test showed that landscapes OTMFA had statistically lower Culicidae diversity than OTMF (P = 0.03). The sampling units in the Campinarana vege- tation class showed a significant difference compared with those in TMF (P = 0.03) and Fig 3. Culicidae species frequency displayed as a cloud for each of three ED categories (low, moderate and high) in forest fringe collections in rural areas of Amazonian Brazil. Font size is proportional to the frequency of Culicidae species. Edge density categories: Low (0–1.5 m / ha x 100); moderate (1.5–2.0 m / ha x 100); high (2.0–3.5 m / ha x 100). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087.g003 PLOS ONE Anthropogenic landscape and mosquito biodiversity drives malaria vector proliferation PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087 January 14, 2021 13 / 25