Anthropogenic landscape decreases mosquito biodiversity and drives malaria vector proliferation in the Amazon rainforest

Table 1. (Continued) PLAND (%) Edge density (m / ha) Peridomestic (HLC) Forest fringe (Shannon trap) Peridomestic (HLC) Forest fringe (Shannon trap) � 25 25 ¬ 45 45 ¬ 60 60 ¬ 75 > 75 � 25 25 ¬ 45 45 ¬ 60 60 ¬ 75 > 75 0 ¬ 1.5 1.5 ¬ 2.0 2.0 ¬ 3.5 0 ¬ 1.5 1.5 ¬ 2.0 2.0 ¬ 3.5 Anopheles shannoni Davis Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Anopheles sp . Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 Anopheles squamifemur Antunes Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.0 Chagasia fajardi (Lutz) Anophelinae 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 0.2 1 0.1 0 0.0 2 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 7 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 Chagasia sp . Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.1 Kerteszia neivai Howard, Dyar and Knab Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.1 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.1 2 0.1 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus albitarsis Lynch Arriba ´lzaga Anophelinae 3 0.1 1 0.0 3 0.1 5 0.2 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.1 5 0.1 4 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus albitarsis H Anophelinae 1 0.0 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 2 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus arthuri C Anophelinae 0 0.0 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 0.5 0 0.0 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 0.2 Nyssorhynchus benarrochi Gabaldon, Cova- Garcı ´a and Lopez Anophelinae 6

0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus benarrochi B Anophelinae 0 0.0 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus benarrochi G1 Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus benarrochi G2 Anophelinae 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus braziliensis (Chagas) Anophelinae 59 1.5 8 0.3 3 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.1 4 0.2 66 3.3 3 0.1 0 0.0 3 0.1 1 0.0 67 1.5 3 0.1 73 2.0 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus darlingi Anophelinae 3473 86.9 2082 82.2 1839 71.0 1835 77.1 1291 70.8 395 11.8 285 12.2 179 9.0 60 2.3 371 21.9 2143 82.0 5493 87.0 2884 65.4 545 18.4 363 10.1 414 7.6 Nyssorhynchus deaneorum Rosa-Freitas Anophelinae 64 1.6 0 0.0 0 0.0 11 0.5 0 0.0 7 0.2 0 0.0 1 0.1 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 75 1.2 0 0.0 6 0.2 3 0.1 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus dunhami Causey Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 Nyssorhynchus galvaoi Causey, Deane and Deane Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus goeldii Rozeboom and Gabaldon Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 25 1.1 0 0.0 166 5.0 20 0.9 1 0.1 4 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 26 0.4 0 0.0 190 6.4 0 0.0 1 0.0 Nyssorhynchus konderi Galv ão & Damasceno Anophelinae 4 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 8 0.4 5 0.2 1 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 100 5.9 8 0.3 0 0.0 5 0.1 5 0.2 101 2.8 1 0.0

Nyssorhynchus konderi / oswaldoi Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.0 Nyssorhynchus konderi A Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 61 3.6 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 61 1.7 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus konderi B Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 40 2.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 59 2.2 296 17.5 38 1.5 0 0.0 2 0.1 59 2.0 289 8.0 7 0.1 Nyssorhynchus nuneztovari Anophelinae 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 2 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 Nyssorhynchus nuneztovari A Anophelinae 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 0.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 12 0.2 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus oryzalimnetes Wilkerson and Motoki Anophelinae 98 2.5 0 0.0 0 0.0 5 0.2 0 0.0 14 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 103 1.6 0 0.0 1 0.0 14 0.4 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus oswaldoi (latu sensu ) Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 0.1 18 0.9 11 0.4 135 8.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 0.2 158 4.4 3 0.1 Nyssorhynchus oswaldoi (strictu sensu) (Peryassu ´) Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus oswaldoi A Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 15 0.6 5 0.3 2 0.1 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 0.3 9 0.3 5 0.1 Nyssorhynchus sp . Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Nyssorhynchus triannulatus (Neiva and Pinto) Anophelinae 0 0.0 27 1.1 7 0.3 22 0.9 3 0.2 136 4.1 210 9.0 132 6.7 174 6.6 21 1.2 42 1.6 14 0.2 3 0.1

391 13.2 103 2.9 179 3.3 Stethomyia thomasi Shannon Anophelinae 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Culex (Aedinus ) amazonensis (Lutz) Culicini 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 30 1.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 30 0.6 Culex (Anoedioporpa ) originator Gordon and Evans Culicini 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 (Continued ) PLOS ONE Anthropogenic landscape and mosquito biodiversity drives malaria vector proliferation PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245087 January 14, 2021 10 / 25